「無花空折枝」－《紅樓夢》中的迎春、惜春探論

本文集中探討《紅樓夢》十二金釵中，最少受到論者關注的迎春、惜春。既然在「原應嘆息」的女性集體輓歌與「成住壞空」的生滅單向邏輯中，迎惜雙妹實爲不可或缺的組成要素；而曹雪芹以借取自傳統氣論的「正邪兩賦」隱喻書中人物之「病態人格」時，也包括此二春在內，並雙雙具現於「無花」現象上，其中實有深刻之意涵存焉。透過現代心理學的幫助，從天性、環境、年齡的三維架構探索兩人相反而兩極化的性格特質，發現在基本焦慮(Basic anxiety)的影響下，迎春發展出「病態的依順」(Neurotic Submissiveness)性格，故趨向接受強壯有力的人之意見或傳統世俗、權威的觀念，而壓抑所有自己的內在能力，使自己變得渺小，並避免批評他人；惜春則呈現出「病態的逃避」(Neurotic Withdrawal)此一傾向，即尋求情感上的獨立於他人，以求自足而免於受到傷害，古文與他人的適應關係表現爲脫離他人(Away from people)。至於在自覺層面上，兩人藉以強化並合理化其性格走向之思想根據，在迎春厥爲弱化的女性意識與曲解的善書功過觀，在惜春則爲小乘佛教，而共同證成《紅樓夢》中「無一正人」之說。

關鍵字

紅樓夢；賈迎春；賈惜春；基本焦慮；病態人格傾向

並列摘要

This article scrutinizes the mentalities of Ying-Chun and Xi-Chun, the two least-mentioned characters among the Jinling Twelve Women in The Dream of the Red Chamber. They are both neurotic, but their personalities are polar opposites because of their different natures, ages and family backgrounds. Ying-Chun, characterized by neurotic submissiveness, refuses to fulfill her potential and tends to accept secular opinions, avoid criticizing others, and obey her familial authorities. Xi-Chun, characterized by neurotic withdrawal, strives for emotional independence and self-sufficiency in order to prevent any possible harm. Despite their different behaviors, both of them have valid arguments: Ying-Chun adopts a ”Ledger of Merits and Demerits” (善書功過觀); Xi-Chun adopts Theravada Buddhism (Hīnayāna). Since they only rationalize their own characters with partial understandings of these teachings, they exemplify the verdict from Bi ji (Notes) that ”there is no all-around person (無一正人) in The Dream of the Red Chamber.”