再論首次弭兵：由宋國地位與華元形象談起

Revisiting the First Peace Treaty between Jin and Chu: The Position of the State of Song and the Characterization of Hua Yuan in Zuozhuan and Xinian

李隆獻(Lee, Long-Shien)

《臺大中文學報》 73期 (2021/06) Pp. 1-54

https://doi.org/10.6281/NTUCL.202106_(73).0001

摘要

本文綰合傳統經史學、文章學與西方敘事理論、文化記憶理論，詮解首次弭兵的相關問題：透過比勘、析釋《左傳》與《清華簡．繫年》，由宋國的特殊地位與華元的作為、形象切入，述論首次弭兵的背景、成敗與歷史詮釋。全文計分五節：（一）先概述與首次弭兵相關的學術議題，指出《清華簡．繫年》問世後，對首次弭兵產生的不同解讀與認識，以及「首次弭兵」尚待探討的意義所在。（二）說明宋國在首次弭兵的特殊地位。（三）析述宋執政華元在《左傳》與《繫年》作為、形象的異同：《左傳》的華元，行事穩健、幹練有謀，雖不乏爭議事蹟與負面評價，但對倡議弭兵確實有功，且面貌多元，堪稱圓型人物；相對的，《繫年》對華元雖也多有述及，但其主動性與為宋籌謀抗楚的謀略均被省略，對其倡議弭兵更隻字未提。（四）分析《左傳》與《繫年》「首次弭兵」載述的四項主要差異：國際局勢的敘事脈絡、弭兵過程的敘事作用、盟辭的規範對象、弭兵失敗的詮釋。（五）總結《左傳》、《繫年》對弭兵人物、成敗的不同詮釋，指出首次弭兵除對春秋中期國際局勢具重大意義外，對理解二次弭兵更有關鍵的參考價值。

關鍵字

首次弭兵 ； 華元 ； 《左傳》 ； 《繫年》 ； 歷史詮釋

並列摘要

Combining traditional classical and historical scholarship, literary criticism, Western narrative theory, and cultural memory theory, this article interprets the issues surrounding the First Peace Treaty forged between Jin and Chu (579 BCE). It offers a comparative analysis of Zuozhuan and Xinian (an excavated text in the Qinghua University Bamboo Slips collection) with a focus on the position of the state of Song and the characterization of Hua Yuan. It discusses the background and results of the peace treaty as represented in these texts, as well as historical interpretations of this event. The first section of this article surveys traditional scholars' views on the First Peace Treaty based on Zuozhuan, and then demonstrates how the discovery from Xinian produced alternative understandings and why the First Peace Treaty merits further discussion. The second section explains the critical role played by the state of Song in the peace process. The third section examines the characterization of the Song leader Hua Yuan and his actions in both texts. Zuozhuan portrays Hua Yuan as a generally capable and shrewd statesman who was instrumental to the establishment of the peace treaty, even though some of his actions might have been controversial or drawn criticism; on the whole, he is presented as a multi-dimensional and dynamic character. In contrast, though mentioning Hua Yuan multiple times, Xinian omits details on his proactiveness in devising strategies to defend Song against the encroachment of Chu; it also fails to include any mention of his initiative in promoting the peace process. The fourth section analyzes the differences of accounts between Zuozhuan and Xinian in four respects: narration of geopolitical developments, the narrative function of the peace process, the designation of the polities bound to the language of the covenant, and the assignment of responsibility for the breakdown in peace soon after. The fifth section summarizes Zuozhuan's and Xinian's divergent interpretations of the historical figures and factors involved in the success/failure of the peace treaty. The conclusion underlines the significance of the first Jin-Chu peace treaty, not only in the context of mid-Chunqiu period (6^(th) c. BCE) geopolitics, but also as an important frame of reference for our understanding of the second Jin-Chu peace treaty (546 BCE).

並列關鍵字

First Peace Treaty ； Hua Yuan ； Zuozhuan ； Xinian ； historical interpretation

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