The reform and opening-up policy first initiated at the end of 1978 has brought about significant changes to mainland China’s economy and society. At the same time, the birth rate on the mainland has also been slowing down following the implementation of mainland China's family planning policy. With these economic, social, and population changes, new concerns are appearing on the mainland. These include rising unemployment, waves of floating workers, an increase in the number of primary school dropouts, and population ageing.