比例代表制對香港特區立法會直選的影響

The Impact of the Proportional Representative System on the Legco

梁玉英(Yu-Ying Liang)

《中國大陸研究》 44卷4期 (2001/04) Pp. 81-102

https://doi.org/10.30389/MCS.200104_44(4).0004

摘要

香港特區立法會在一九九八年舉行首次選舉，其中直選席位共二十席，二○○○年的第二次選舉增至二十四席，選舉制度則由殖民地時期的相對多數決制，改變為比例代表制，換算議席的公式為最大餘數法。在議席分配上，這一種選舉制度有效地改善過去民主派政黨民主黨超額獲得席位、親中共的民主建港聯盟超額損失議席的不比例性，小黨亦成功地分配到席位。有鑒於香港原本即已政黨林立，比例代表制雖未能發揮刺激新黨成立的作用，但已然產生增加立法會內政黨數目的效果，也因而導致政黨分化的程度上升。在競選策略方面，比例代表制並未使各政黨候選人的政見出現很大的差異，在社經議題上持續向中心點移動，在政治議題上亦出現一些趨同的跡象，而且負面宣傳的打擊對手競選方法仍然存在。二○○○年的選舉並且出現了選舉聯盟，民主黨與香港職工會聯盟、民主建港聯盟與香港協進聯盟分別在部分選區聯合參選，並且成功地取得席位。隨著下一次直選席位將增至三十席，民主建港聯盟有可能效法民主黨在同一選區提出多張參選名單的策略，導致小黨或獨立候選人的發展空間進一步縮小。

關鍵字

比例代表制 ； 最大餘數法 ； 選區幅度 ； 有效政黨數 ； 離心理論

並列摘要

When the first Legislative Council (Legco) election of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) was held in 1998, only twenty seats were directly elected. The number increased to twenty-four during the second Legco election in 2000. The relative plurality electoral system used during the colonial period was replaced by the proportional representative system, with the latter having a seat-allocation formula based on the largest-remainder method. This new electoral system was a vast improvement over the past dis-proportionality where the Democratic Party (DP) gained extra seats while the pro-China Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB) lost extra seats. The system also enables small parties to win seats. Since there are already many political parties in Hong Kong, the implementation of this new system did not spur the establishment of new political parties, but was instead able to increase the number of political parties on the Legco and encourage differentiation of political parties. As far as campaign tactics are concerned, the new electoral system has not caused very large differences between the campaign issues of candidates. During the campaign, social and economic issues continued to move toward the central point and political issues showed traces of a convergence, though the campaign method of attacking competitors with negative propaganda was still in use. The 2000 Legco election also saw the emergence of electoral alliances. The DP and the Confederation of Trade Union launched joint campaigns and successfully won seats in some electoral districts; and so did the DAB and the Hong Kong Progressive Alliance. During the next Legco election, the number of directly-elected seats will further increase to thirty. The DAB may possibly imitate the DP's strategy of proposing multiple lists of candidates in the same electoral district to further reduce the development space of small parties or independent candidates.

並列關鍵字

proportional representative system ； largest-remainder method ； size of electoral district ； effective number of parties ； centrifugal theory

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