當代哲學和神學相關問題－以海德格和拉納為例

Relationship between Contemporary Philosophy and Theology-Heidegger and Rahner as Example

武金正(Vu-Kim Chinh)

《哲學與文化》 25卷3期 (1998/03) Pp. 241-260

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.199803.0241

摘要

本文主要提出哲學家海德格和神學拉內，如何瞭解哲－神及神－哲的相關問題，並反省兩者的異同點。
約於一九一六年，海氏的生活及思想萌生重大的轉變；之後，稱自己的哲學為「非神的哲學」。然而該哲學並非「無神」，而是「思考的誠心」之態度。最後，他以天主敎的回歸，明認人的希望為：「只有一位神能拯救我們」。這信息是終生尋找眞理的一個謎。
拉內在現代神學的脈絡中，用心地探討該問題：正如本性和恩寵雖各自獨立，但卻是從同一來源互動人，使人的本性在恩寵內圓滿；哲學與神學的相關亦復如此。
而人就是體驗並建立理性和信仰關係的主體。他的生活是不斷在封閉和開放中抉擇，因此會陷於自我絕對化的情境。在此拉內提及「哲學的罪惡」，以及「人有無限能力」的冀望。
海氏和拉氏兩者皆重視人為處理哲－神相關問題的主體。因此，他們都强調開放及末世的觀點。的確，其相異是顯然的；然而，可理解之為尋求眞理的對立之張力：它或由下而上或反方向都是走向同一的眞理，可謂殊途同歸。

關鍵字

海德格 ； 拉內 ； 哲學 ； 神學 ； 非神哲學 ； 神學思考 ； 從下而上或從上而下的思路

並列摘要

The article concerns the question how philosophy and theology relates to each other, as Heidegger elaborates from the point of philosophy and Rahner considers from the view of theology.
Heidegger's ”atheistic philosophy” is a consequence of taking distance from closed system. He understands philosophy however as ”Piety of Thinking”, because he is continuously inspired by religious problematic. His last message as a returned Catholic is : ”Only God can save us” as sign of enigmatic life of searching for the truth.
Rahner elaborates the problem in modern theological context: just as nature and grace root in the same source, so do philosophy and theology. Human being is ”Spirit in the World” which experiences and regulates the relationship between reason and faith. He is living in constant choice between closure and openess. Here Rahner speaks of ”sin” not only in theology, but also in philosophy, when they are absoluted themselves. Just as Rahner pleads for pluralistic theology, he also thinks that no one philosophy can be the partner of theology. Consequently, any philosophy, especially suitable for requirements of modern time is estimated as partners of theological thinking.
Heidegger and Rahner both take human being seriously as subject of regulation of relationship between philosophy and theology. Both stand for opening and eschatological view. Their difference could be seen as strike for the truth at the same path, from below and from above. It requires us to take this problematic seriously for ourselves.

並列關鍵字

Heidegger ； Rahner ； Philosophy ； Theology ； Atheistic Philosophy ； Theology Thinking ； The Way from below and from above