清代公羊學與晚清的變革

The Ching Dynasty Kung-Yang School and the Reform in the late-Ching

陳福濱(Fu-Bing Chen)

《哲學與文化》 32卷11期 (2005/11) Pp. 115-134

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.200511.0115

摘要

西方挾著船堅炮利的威勢打開中國門戶以後，中國面臨了數千年未有之變局；乾嘉以來的思想主流考據學不足以應付此種巨變，因此儒家思想內部也產生了相應的轉化，重新恢復了自兩漢以後就隱而不彰的批判傳統，而清中葉以降至晚清公羊學的復興，即代表此一傳統思想中批判儒學的再現；它的復興，使得批判性行動和內在道德結合，為批判政治社會環境提供了一個堅實的合法性基礎。清代今文學的復興始自莊存與，由劉逢綠奠定基礎重理公羊學之統緒；到了龔自珍、魏源使得公羊學更具強烈的批判意識，他們把握了由傳統走向近代社會轉化的時代精神，提供了經世致用與社會改革的新思維：及至戊戌時期，以康有為為代表，更將公羊學的「三世」說與〈禮運〉篇的「小康」、「大同」思想相糅合，並和西方政治學說、進化理論相貫通，進而發動了維新運動，此一行動形成十九世紀末、二十世紀初年公羊學說風靡於世的局面，在近代文化史上具有思想啓蒙的意義，有力地誰動了晚清社會的進程。譚嗣同、梁啓超等人均受啓發，影響自是深遠。本論文除了對清代公羊學作－理論建構外，並就其與晚清的變革指出關連與互動。

關鍵字

經世致用 ； 今文經學 ； 公羊學 ； 通三統 ； 張三世 ； 三科九旨 ； 小康 ； 大同 ； 世界體系 ； 重新政治化

並列摘要

China has experienced unpredicted change over thousands of years since the West opened the gate of China with the firepower. Textology that had come to the main stream of thinking in the Ching Qian-Jia period failed to respond to this huge change, so a transformation corresponding to the trend arose from the interior of Confucianism. Critical tradition that had already declined after Han dynasties was renewed and restoration to the Kung-Yang School prevailing from the mid-Ching through the late-Ching marked as a representation of critical Confucianism in tradition. Its restoration integrates the critical action into the inner morality, providing a solid foundation of legality for the criticism of the environment at political and social dimensions. Restoration to the Ching Dynasty New Text School was given a beginning by Chuang Chun Yu (壯存與) and built a foundation through Liu Fenglu's (劉逢祿's) overhauling the system of the Kung-Yang School; until Kung Tzu Chen (龔自珍) and Wei Yuan's (魏源's) efforts, the Kung-Yang School had much stronger critical consciousness. They seized the spirit of the age transferring from the traditional to the modern society, offering a new thought for practical statecraft and social reform. During the Period of 1898 Reform Movement, Kang You Wei (康有為) as a representative figure incorporated further the ”Three Ages” theory of the Kung-Yang School into ”Small Tranquility” and ”Great Unity” in the Book of Rites. In addition, he achieved mastery through a comprehensive study of theories of western politics and revolution so as to launch the Reform Movement of 1989. This movement urged the Kung-Yang School to prevail for a time from the late 19th century to early 20th century and also had the significance of the enlightenment of thought in modern history of culture, powerfully making the progress in the late-Ching society. It made a significant impact upon later periods and successors like Tang Shitong (譚嗣同) and Liang Qichao. (梁啟超) This paper is intended to not only construct the theory of the Kung-Yang School but also point out the relation and interaction between the Kung-Yang School and the reform in the late-Ching.

並列關鍵字

practical statecraft ； The New Text School ； Kung-Yang School ； link together the three sequences ； extended it to embrace the three Ages ； three essentials and nine regulations ； Small Tranquility ； Great Unity ； wo