方以智由儒入佛之檢視

An Evaluation of Fang Ijri's Thought from Confucianism into Buddhism

謝仁真(Jen-Chen Hsieh)

《哲學與文化》 32卷11期 (2005/11) Pp. 5-24

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.200511.0005

摘要

「一生全是節，出世竟何心！」這種發問，如果僅是生命的哀嘆，用來宣洩內心的愁悶，那麼，方以智是不過是一個感時傷世的普通文人；但如果這種發問，是一種生命尋求超越的提示，藉以領受生命弔詭，憬悟生命真象，透析價值方向，承擔成就淬煉，那麼，方以智便是一位標準的哲人型思想家。方以智的哲學思想特，表現為三教合一的集大成學術型態，而他這種會通工作的進行，是以易學為基礎的方法學進路展開的，相較於傳統的各種會通思想，有其理論上的創見。方以智提出了三個主張加以說明，即：一，「因萬物之自為法」二，「合諸家之異同」。三，「三約」。透過「調適而上遂」的方式，環環深進，使吾人對世間存有者之認知，能夠得到一種建立在涵容和諧的體系中掌握，因此，聖人雖有東西不同，度人方法亦為千差百異，但若從此三家皆欲人能「性其情」的角度看，則此皆以為其「公均」而合諸家表象之差別，不僅為理論上所必趨，且亦為方以智對於其出家與其在傳統儒學救世捨身的辯證中，取得了一個平衡的支點。

關鍵字

會通 ； 三教合一 ； 先見 ； 大全 ； 方法學 ； 關係性 ； 公均

並列摘要

”In bondage was a whole life, and what a mind to be born!” inquires Fang Ijri with deep feeling. He is nothing but an ordinary man of letters with sorrow over the current situation if he merely intends to sigh out his grief and relieve depression in his heart; however if this inquiry implies a life to transcend for the purpose of taking the paradox of life, comprehending the truth for life, penetrating the direction of value, and bearing hardship for achievement, Fang Ijri would be a typical philosophical thinker. Fang Ijri's philosophical thought is based on the doctrine of Yi-Jing as a methodological approach, being characterized by incorporating the strong points of different schools for three religions amalgamated into one, his comprehension in perfect harmony, in comparison with similar traditional thinking ways, theoretically has an original idea. In order to clarify his thought, Fang Ijri advances three propositions. (1) ”Everything inclines to its own proper acts and ends.” (2) ”To synthesize a multiplicity of identity and difference of schools” (3) ”San-Jun” (a guiding principle for cognitive processes). By means of the way of ”regulating and lifting up” step by step, we can grasp the cognition of beings on earth founded on a harmonic whole system. There is therefore a difference in sages between the East and the West, and then there are also a great variety of ways to cultivate human beings, but the differences of schools in appearance can put them under Fang Ijri's idea of ”Gong-Jim” (comprehension beyond separating Being from Nothing) if we take the point of view that three religions all encourage human beings to ”cultivate their emotions”. This thought is theoretically not only a necessary development but also for Fang Ijri's dialectical thinking a balance of his cloister (pravrajana) and the traditional Confucianism concerning giving oneself to benefit the world.

並列關鍵字

comprehension in perfect harmony ； three religions amalgamated into one ； prejudice ； the great universe ； methodology ； relationship ； Gong-Jun Comprehension beyond separating Being from Nothing