黃宗羲與約翰彌爾政治理念之比較

The Comparison between Huang Zong-xi's and John Stuart Mill's Political Ideas

曾春海(Chun-Hai Tseng)

《哲學與文化》 33卷6期 (2006/06) Pp. 123-140

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.200606.0123

摘要

黃宗羲的《明夷待訪錄》對中國秦漢以來家天下的君主專制政體的權力本質及所造成的種種弊端有深刻的分析，尖銳的批判。英國的約翰彌爾集古典自由主意及功利主義之大成，其古典民主思想及二院制的民主議會之主張，對英國的民主制度有深刻的影響。兩人政治思想的論述雖有不同的語境和問題意識，可是在貴民及賦予政府的責任在實現社會公義和全民福祉的目的上，卻是不謀而合。二人主要的差異在於：彌爾處於自然權利說及天賦人權的思想影響下，推展至代議民主制之機制及其與人權具體化之關係的論述。其論述的語境，係因在彌爾的時代，自由、平等的人權理念已隨著西方倫理學的正義論傳統，落實在法律的具體保障中。黃宗羲的時代缺乏與彌爾相應的時代條件，他立基於孟子的民本思想上，強調人性有同一的尊嚴，崇高的生命意義和價值。黃宗羲要求為政者應有較高的道德自覺，應該把人當人看，以仁義的價值判斷來看待全體人民，他所論述的人權較屬於道德權力(moral right)意含，缺乏法律（憲法）所賦予的實證權(positive right)，意含的人權，黃宗羲的政治理念若要在當代再發展，則應認識在民主憲政的機制下，才能落實天下人的人性尊嚴權、政治人權、道德人權及文化人權。

關鍵字

君主專制 ； 民本 ； 貴民 ； 王道 ； 仁政 ； 代議制 ； 原君 ； 原法 ； 自由 ； 參與 ； 正義

並列摘要

Ming Yi Dai Fan Lu (Pre-dawn Discourses for Future Rule) by Huang Zong-xi is a profound critique and sharp analysis about the nature of the Chinese family-possessed autocratic monarchy traced back to the Qin and the Han Dynasties and the subsequent maladies. The English philosopher, John Stuart Mill, combining classic liberalism and utilitarianism, had profound influence upon the democracy of England through his thought of classic democracy and his assertion of the bicameral parliament. Though different in language context and problem consciousness, Huang Zong-xi and Mill coincided in seeing people as the most important element of the nation and asserted that the government was responsible for fulfilling the justice of the society and the well-being of the people. Their major difference lies in that, under the influence of the ”natural rights” doctrine, Mill developed his discourses about democratic parliamentarianism and its relationship with the embodiment of human rights. The language context of these discourses derived from the fact that, in the tradition of the theory of justice as part of western ethics, the ideas of human rights such as liberty and equality were realized in the concrete protection of the law. In Huang Zong-xi's time, there were not the conditions as in John Stuart Mill's age. Based on Mencius's thought of ”people as the root of the state,” Huang Zong-xi made efforts to point out that human nature was possessed with equal dignity, sublime meaning of life and values. Huang demanded the governing rulers were required to have a higher self-awareness in morality, treat people as human beings, and see the whole population according to the value judgment of beneficence and justice. Huang's idea of human rights was more like the moral rights than the positive rights granted by law (constitution). To develop Huang's political ideas in the contemporary age, we should recognize that people's dignity, political rights, moral rights and cultural rights cannot be fulfilled except under the institution of constitutional democracy.

並列關鍵字

Autocratic Monarchy ； People as the Root of the State ； Seeing People as the Most Important Element ； The Kingly Way ； Benevolent Ruling ； Parliamentarianism ； On Ruling ； On Law ； Liberty ； Participation ； Justice

參考文獻

〈原君〉、〈原臣〉、〈原法〉。

J. S. Mill.De Tocqueville on Democracy in America（IJ）.W(XVIII),63.

狄百瑞、張永堂譯(1979)。中國思想與制度論集。台北:聯經出版公司。

黃宗羲。明儒學案。

黃宗羲。思舊錄。