懷德海和中國哲學中的“和諧”觀念

本文主要目的在探討懷德海和中國哲學中的和諧概念，及其與當前世局的相關性。懷德海的機體哲學強調和諧概念，但也肯定不和諧是相對的善，因為它防止不斷重複。只有毀滅性的不和諧、不從屬才是壞的，邪惡的。中國傳統的和諧概念，是個人修養、社會和宗教實踐追求的中心目標。和諧在中國傳統中包含了「異」；和諧開放令「異」加入，而「同」則不然。更且和諧使人對他物開放，「同」則不然。宇宙的未來和人生的命運，前面安排著兩種路向：一是和諧的坦途，一是矛盾毀滅的邪徑。所有人類如何和諧共處，在911之後成為極為迫切的問題。現在是我們要注意「和諧共存」而不是「生存競爭」的時候，因為個人和社會只有在和諧中，才能健康地存在與發展。

關鍵字

和諧；懷德海；儒家；道家；歷程思想

並列摘要

The main purpose of this paper is to explore the concept of harmony in Whitehead and in Confucianism and Taoism, and to see its relevance to the world today. First, the paper begins with examining Whitehead's conception of harmony based on his philosophy of organism which argues that ”Every actual occasion involves every other, and to know any one is to know the whole universe.” For Whitehead, harmoniously dealing with others is extremely important for actual entities. The paper also pays attention to the important role that disharmony plays in this process of seeking harmony. For Whitehead, not all harmony is good nor is all disharmony bad. Disharmony is relatively good for Whitehead because it prevents mere repetition. Only disharmony that is destructive, uncoordinated, unsubordinated, and therefore is evil. Finally, in Whitehead's mind, there are several types of harmony from low level to high level; peace is the highest form of harmony which he called the ”harmony of harmonies.” As an actual entity it claims harmonious relationships with others due to the fact that it exists and develops only in such environment, and only harmony can offer it the meaning of life. Second, the paper explores the concept of harmony in the Chinese philosophical traditions. Harmony in Chinese traditions is set up as a central goal for all personal, social, political, and religious practices. It is very important to note that harmony in Chinese traditions includes differences; it opens to and invites the differences to come in, but sameness does not. Harmony is different from sameness; as harmony brings things into existence, but sameness does not. In addition, harmony makes people open themselves to others, but sameness does not. Third, the paper explores the relevance of the concept of harmony in Whitehead's and Chinese philosophies to the contemporary world. How to reach the state of harmony for all mankind has become a pressing issue after 9/11. It's time for us to pay a great deal of attention to ”the survival of harmonious” rather than ”the survival of fitting” which we have forgotten long ago. ”Survival of the fittest” should be replaced with ”survival of the harmonious” because the individual and society can exist and develop healthily only within harmony.

並列關鍵字

Harmony ； Whitehead, A. N. ； Confucianism ； Taoism

國際替代計量

懷德海和中國哲學中的“和諧”觀念

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