中西自由主義者的人權觀－以張佛泉與羅爾斯為例

Chinese and Western Liberal Conceptions of Human Rights: Chang Fo-Chuan and John Rawls

王冠生(Kuan-Sheng Wang)

《哲學與文化》 34卷7期 (2007/07) Pp. 79-95

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.200707.0079

摘要

人權是當今最重要的普世價值之一，民主憲政的主要精神即在於保障基本人權。而人權思想的發展與自由主義有密不可分的關係，本文擬以張佛泉與羅爾斯的理論為例，分析這兩位東西方自由主義者的人權觀，並說明二者理論的匯通之處。首先，兩位學者都強調基本人權為憲政體制的核心，保障基本人權為現代國家最重要的任務。羅爾斯是透過正義兩原則與公共理性的理念，闡述保障基本人權的重要。張佛泉則主張「諸權利即諸自由」，並強調應將人權視為邦國運作之基設、人生之信仰。其次，兩位學者都認為，保障基本人權不僅需要穩定的憲政體制，還需要道德人履行道德義務。羅爾斯訴諸於正義社會中公民的「自然義務」來維護基本人權，而張佛泉主張以道德人內心深處的「人義」來落實基本人權，兩位同樣以道德義務作為保障人權的重要基礎，可謂中西自由主義者人權觀之匯通。

關鍵字

人權 ； 張佛泉 ； 羅爾斯 ； 自然義務 ； 人義

並列摘要

Human rights are the most important value in the modern world. The essence of democratic constitution is to protect human rights. However, the development of the concept of human rights is closely connected with liberalism. This paper intends to discuss the notion of human rights developed by two liberals, Chang Fo-Chuan and John Rawls. First of all, both of them emphasize that human rights are at the core of democratic constitution. Protecting human rights is the most important task of modern states. On the one hand, John Rawls analyzes the value of human rights via two principles of justice and the idea of public reason. On the other hand, Chang Fo-Chuan argues that rights are liberties and human rights should be highlighted as religion. Secondly, both of them underscore that protecting human rights is not only based on legal system but also on moral duty. John Rawls resorts to natural duty to maintain a just system and uphold human rights. Similarly, Chang Fo-Chuan appeals to duty to practice human rights. I believe these two liberals share important thoughts on these points.

並列關鍵字

human rights ； Chang Fo-Chuan ； John Rawls ； natural duty ； duty