Text and Image in Yang Shen's Poetry on Travel

本文主要透過明朝中葉文人楊慎(1488-1557)所寫的遊記詩來探討文本與意象（圖像、表象）之間的關係。「文本」意指意義與詮釋得以由之而生的作品全體。「意象」則是指透過文字所掌握到的外在世界的表象。一般的討論多半針對視覺表象，雖然不管是想像的、或實在的意象（圖像）都是心靈之象。本文的論述即在於強調文本與意象（圖像）之間律動的複雜關係，一方面意象（圖像）深化文本的意義，另方面另類的文本閱讀促成意象意義的另解。遊記文學是一個特殊的文類，其定義依不同學門之研究而有別。遊記文學的書寫範圍廣闊，從枯燥的紀實到充滿創造的旅遊想像，涉及的議題豐富而多樣，文本與意象是其中的主題之一。中國文學中的遊記詩歌的抒情風格，尤其獨特。而明朝中葉的楊慎所寫的遊記詩，在文學史中，可謂獨樹一幟。楊慎年少即以才華洋溢之詩文著稱，與其父楊廷和同為朝廷重臣，嘉靖年間因「大禮議」事件而受廷杖與貶謫，流放雲南、終身不得返歸故里（四川），而客死他鄉。楊慎的遊記詩文，貫穿其一生游走四方的流放生涯。不僅呈現出其詩人個人的生命特質，也顯示中國文人「游」的境界。本文以楊慎從早年（1520年前後）到晚年（1550到1560年間）的四首詩作為例，分析詩人在詩中所顯示之游的文本與游的意象（圖像）之間的關係。第一首〈竹枝詞〉，流放前之作，以傳統詩歌形式，表達超越現實世界之想像。第二首〈恩遣戍滇紀行〉，是1525 年從北京流放雲南永昌途中之作。從沿路景觀之描寫到風土人情之異變，詩文中隱含的是漢文化遠離中原後、落於山川田野中的面貌，以及中華詩歌傳統去中心化過程中的變遷。第三首〈寶井篇〉，一首以中國皇帝與緬甸人在滇緬邊界的玉石礦之爭為背景的詩文，其意象不只是批評後宮帝王生活的奢糜和民間疾苦形成的對比，更探討漢文化和邊遠土著文化的差距。那是另一種東方主義的精神表現。第四首〈滇海曲〉，以詩體與地方志的混合風格，顯現中國文人筆下對地方精神的投注，歌頌在地文化、山川自然的創作力。楊慎詩歌的文本以多層次的文字意象投射出雲南文化圖像，蘊含著漢民族軍事、官方的影響、當地土著的面貌，還有道家與世無爭的自然無為。「游」已不是表面之事，而是文本與意象交錯的基礎。

關鍵字

楊慎；遊記書寫；文類；文本；意象；流放；自然；地方志

並列摘要

This paper is an exploration of the relation of text and image as seen through the travel poetry of the mid-Ming scholar Yang Shen (1488-1557), who was exiled to southwest China in 1524. Text is understood to refer to the overall work by which a 'meaning' or an interpretation can be produced. Imagery refers to the representation of the outside world as captured through words. The relationship of imagery and text is complex-sometimes imagery reinforces the 'meaning' of the text; at other times, imagery works against that meaning offering alternative readings of the work involved. Travel writing is under examination as it is a unique genre that allows scholars from a variety of disciplines to define it in very particularistic ways. Travel writing can range from extremely dry non literary accounts of voyages to highly imaginative created journeys. This allows for a flexibility of handling of the topic, particularly as noted above in the distinction between text and image. Chinese travel poetry, unlike its western cousin, is lyrical for the most part. This feature of Chinese poetry strengthens the importance of the image in relation to the text. Four of Yang's poems are under consideration here. In ”Verses on Bamboo Branches,” is Yang’s pre-exilic experience of traveling through the Three Gorges on his way home to Xindu, Sichuan. He develops a familiarized world, which captures encyclopaedically the world through the imagery. ”Song of Gratitude” is a lyrical masterpiece in two-hundred lines that recounts his journey into exile from Beijing to Yongchang, Yunnan in 1525. The first half of the poem deals with the familiar landscape of Eastern China which Yang traverses in the company of his wife. The second half of the poem follows his independent route through the lesser known roads to his place of exile. Yang records a journey that progressively displaces Han cultural norms with the wild freedom of the peoples who inhabit the mountainous stretches of the land. This poem is a tour de force and marks a place in the Chinese poetic tradition of a shift from centre to periphery. ”Poem on Baojing” describes a journey to a mining outpost that straddles the Mian (Burmese) and Ming empires. Intended as a critique of court extravagance, Yang explores the distance between Han and indigenous cultures through images whose overtones may be characterized as orientalist in representation. This feature of the imagery is particularly at odds with the meaning of the poem. ”Songs of Lake Dian,” is in a hybrid format that combines travel poetry with the gazetteer, a popular genre that the elite would create for the glory of the local place (prefecture, province, mountain, river, temple, etc). In it, the meaning of the text is conveyed overwhelmingly through the array of disparate images that project a Yunnan culture composed of Han military and officials, indigenous peoples and a Daoist natural indifference to meaning in the world. The journeys however are not presented front and centre in this work, but rather undergird the work.

並列關鍵字

Yang Shen ； Travel writing ； Genre ； text ； image ； Exile ； Nature ； Gazetteer

參考文獻

Bai Juyi."Zhuzhici, sishou" (Verses on Bamboo Branches, Four poems).Yuding quan Tang shi (Complete Collection of Tang Poetry on Imperial Demand).28,3a-3b.