從存在到荒繆

本文的前言將導論第一次世界大戰後，巴黎文哲氛圍有助於存在哲學思想在法國持續發展，法國知名學者除了吸收德國各家科學思潮外，巴黎高等師範學院培育出一批年輕哲學教師，繼超現實主義沒落後，將哲學存在思潮蛻變為沙特領導的存在主義。第二部份將介紹存在哲學思潮的發展過程，從傳統的存在哲學思想到一分為二的存在主義思潮：無神的存在思潮與基督的無神思潮。而兩次大戰期間，沙特延續無神的存在哲學，創立《現代雜誌》為其喉舌。而卡謬則參與《戰鬥》雜誌論述其荒謬的人類窘境。二人領導存在文學運動，以小說、戲劇文學形式詮釋生命的荒謬性。第二次世界大戰，人類面對生命瞬間化為烏有的殘酷。沙特於1945年發表「存在主義是一種人文主義」演講，主張「存在先於本質」無神的「沙特主義」。第三部份，介紹承襲卡謬《薛西佛斯神話》「荒謬存在」主題的一批活躍於法國舞台的年輕外國劇作家，其中又以貝克特、尤涅斯科為前衛創作主流，寫出一齣又一齣影響西方世界戲劇深遠的新戲劇類型：荒謬劇。

關鍵字

存在主義；存在主義文學；沙特主義；荒謬劇；沙特；卡謬；貝克特；尤涅斯科

並列摘要

The foreword of this paper is to introduce how the literary and philosophical mood in Paris after World War Ⅰ was conducive to the persistent development of existential philosophy in France. While the famous French scholars were absorbing the scientific thoughts from Germany, Ecole Normale Super Paris also produced some young instructors of philosophy, who transformed existential philosophy into Sartre's existentialism after surrealism started to decline. The second part of the paper is devoted to the development of existential philosophy, from traditional existential philosophy to the two branches of existentialist thoughts: the atheistic existentialism and the Christian atheism. Between the two world wars, Sartre carried on the atheistic existentialism, launching Les Temps Modernes as his mouthpiece, as Albert Camus joined the editorial board of Combat to address the absurdity of human conditions. The two of them piloted the movement of existential literature, interpreting the absurdity of life in the literary forms of novels and dramas. As World War Ⅱ confronted human beings with the cruelty of the transience of life, Sartre's lecture, ”Existentialism is a Humanism,” advocated his Sartrism that was informed of the atheistic slogan, ”Existence precedes essence.” The third part is about some young people who followed the theme of Camus”s The Myth of Sisyphus, the ”absurdity of being.” Modeling after Samuel Beckett and Ionesco, these young writers are very active in the theatre of France, creating one after another work of the new genre that has made profound impact on western drama: theatre of the absurd.