修德以待神恩：康德的宗教哲學

Kant將其時代稱為「批判的時代」，要求對一切事物進行理性的批判，即便是尊嚴的法律與神聖的宗教也不例外。唯有經過理性自由與公開的檢驗，始能與予該事物以誠摯的敬重，否則難免遭遇被懷疑的命運，即使尊嚴如法律、神聖如宗教，亦然。這其實就是哲學批判的基本精神。 Kant哲學有三大問題：我能夠知道什麼？我應該做什麼？我可以希望什麼？這三大問題最終匯歸為一個哲學人類學的根本問題：人是什麼？第一個問題是純然思辨性的形上學問題，第二個問題是實踐性的道德問題，這兩個問題由三大批判完成回答。第三個問題：我可以希望什麼？其嚴謹而精確的表達形式應該是：如果我做了應該做的事，我可以希望什麼？這同時是思辯性的也是實踐性的問題，Kant 認為這是屬於宗教領域內應予回應的問題。在其晚年出版之《單純理性限度內之宗教》一書中，Kant 試圖解決第三個問題，並作出了他的回答：一切的希望都指向幸福，而對幸福的希望是隨著宗教才開始的。依此而言，Kant 的宗教究其實是一種獲得人生幸福的希望哲學，其基本內涵就是「德福一致」：做了應該做的（有德），就能希望幸福（有福）。這是個重大的問題，用Kant 本身的提問方式：德福一致如何可能？答案是：上帝的恩典使得德福一致之至善成為可能。

關鍵字

啟蒙；理性；批判；道德；宗教；希望；幸福；上帝；道

並列摘要

Kant called his time ”an age of critique,” demanding reasonable critique about everything, including the respectable law and the sacred religion. Anything must be examined reasonably, liberally and openly before it's granted with sincere respect; otherwise, it would inevitably be suspected, even something as respectable as law and as sacred as religion. This is the fundamental spirit of philosophical critique. There are three questions in Kant's philosophy: What can I know? What ought I to do? What may I hope? These three questions are ultimately restored into a fundamental question of philosophical anthropology: What is a man? The first question is purely speculative and metaphysical, and the second one is a practical moral question; these two questions are answered by the three critiques of Kant's. As for the third question-What may I hope?-it should be expressed rigidly and precisely like this: What may I hope if I have done what I ought to do? This is a speculative/practical question and, for Kant, should be answered by religion. In Religion within the Bounds of Bare Reason, a book published in his later years, Kant tried to solve the third question and answered as follows: all hope is oriented toward happiness, as the hope for happiness only begins with religion. Accordingly, religion for Kant is indeed a philosophy of hope designed to lead a life of happiness and about the ”unification of virtue and happiness”: Do what you ought to do (virtue), and then you may hope for happiness (happiness). It is very important to ask, in Kant's own words, how virtue and happiness can be unified. And the answer is: the supreme good of unifying virtue and happiness is made possible by God's grace.