Existence of God and Human Freedom from Duns Scotus' Point of View

天主的存在對人的自由會產生影響嗎？這二者之間是否互相衝突呢？對天主的信仰與人的自由意志是可以相容一致的嗎？天主的全知全能是否威脅了人類的自由呢？這對生在么十世紀、具有高度的科學觀察力與使命感的人來講，還是這只是一個多餘落伍的思考？本文主要是以十三世紀晚期的神哲學家若望董思高的觀點來談論以上的問題，他是雖何看待這些問題呢？而他的洞察、思考與分析又是什麼呢？對董思高來講，解決這樣問題的關鍵就得先了解天主的本質是什麼？他跟人的關係為何呢？董思高認為天主是位格、啟示、創造的天主，社把人當他的夥伴，他在尋找人們，透過這樣的行為，表現社對人自由的尊重。天主的意志是萬物偶然的泉源，神聖的自向是人類自由的基礎，在人變得自向的過程，天主的存在不應是一個阻礙，相反的，天主是愛的信仰與人的自由完全不相矛盾，而且這個信仰也提供人有機會能超越自己，並且與一位深不可測、活生生的天主結合，同時，能實現其做為天主可信賴助手的尊榮才是最為圓滿的。

關鍵字

天主；人；自由；偶然性；超越性；感受性；人類學；神學；為正義的傾向；為利益的傾向；相容性

並列摘要

”Is belief in God compatible with human freedom? ...Is God relevant to human freedom, essential to man's becoming free, or is He an outmoded luxury, an anachronism unnecessary to reflective, self-aware, responsible twenty-first century man?” This problem seems more practical when the three aspects of God in particular were seen to threaten the freedom of his human creation, namely God's omniscience, His impassibility, His omnipotent providence. The philosopher-theologian of the late thirteenth century, John Duns Scotus (1266-1308) offers a solution to the seemingly antagonism between God's existence and man's freedom by emphasizing upon a God as Love Who takes initiative to enter into conversation with human beings. This theo-anthropological point of view seems to ”defuse” the virtual tension and deadly confrontation between the divine and human freedom. Indeed the way of conceiving the nature of God and that of approaching and analyzing the potential capacities of the human will and the deepest characteristics of man, namely his self-transcendence and his receptivity, offer an optimistic view of the whole harmony of reality. As partner of God, and as human person capable of entering into free relationship of mutuality, man knows that he could only realize at the fullest his dignity by promoting the values of life, respecting and caring for all persons, moving gradually toward better and better ”human” choices. Accordingly, divine existence and divine freedom no longer threaten the fullest expression of human freedom and human existence; divine power is in harmony with the fullest realization of human gifts.

並列關鍵字

God ； Man ； Freedom ； Contingency ； Transcendence ； Receptivity ； Anthropology ； Theology ； Affection for Justice ； Affection for Possession ； Compatibility