法國啟蒙時期的情色烏托邦：以薩德的情色共和國為例

本文之主旨在於探討薩德侯爵作品中的情色烏托邦思想。法國啟蒙時期可以說是烏托邦思想的黃金時代，這時期的思想家相信人類根據理性的指導，應該可以走出愚昧，建立更為理想和幸福的社會。因此文學家透過虛構的小說世界，構築出比現實社會更為理想的社會。然而，薩德小說中的烏托邦卻是一個殘酷的集中營，只是放蕩者滿足個人慾望的空間，而非去創造一個更為幸福、和諧的社會。薩德的烏托邦思想可以說是某種「反啟蒙」的思想，因為薩德跟啟蒙時期哲學中「改革樂觀主義」(optimisme réformiste)的觀念是完全背道而馳。薩德真正想建立的烏托邦社會其實是個犯罪或性的共和國(république criminelle ou sexuelle)。他想建立的是一個可以完全按照人性來行事的小型社會：完全不受到道德或法律的制約或懲罰。本文從禁閉的空間和「惡」的烏托邦這兩個不同的角度，去探索薩德筆下的「情色烏托邦」(utopie érotique)與「反啟蒙」(anti-Lumières)之間的關係。

關鍵字

薩德；情色；啟蒙；烏托邦；惡；禁閉

並列摘要

This paper is meant to inquire the thought about the erotic republic in the works of Marquis de Sade. It is fair to say that the time of the French Enlightenment was the golden age of utopianism, when the thinkers believed that human beings, guided by reason, could walk away from ignorance and construct a better and happier society. Therefore, through the fictional world of novels, the literary writers conceived a better society than the real one. Yet, the utopia in the novels of Marquis de Sade was a ruthless concentration camp, a space for the debauchees to indulge their own desires rather than create a happier and more harmonious society. Sade's utopianism was a sort of anti-enlightenment, since he was totally opposite to the ideas of reformist optimism as part of Enlightenment philosophy. The utopian society that Sade had in mind was actually a criminal or sexual republic. He wanted to build a small society where human nature was the norm as nobody was conditioned or punished by morality or law. From the two different perspectives, the enclosed space and the ”evil” utopia, we try to investigate the relationship between ”erotic utopia” and ”anti-enlightenment” in Sade's writings.