昆德拉小說中之kitsch概念分析：以臺灣獨立運動為例

Understanding the Taiwan Independence Issue with the Concept of Kitsch in Kundera's Novel

沈中衡(Raymond Shen)

《哲學與文化》 38卷9期 (2011/09) Pp. 99-117

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.201109.0099

摘要

米蘭昆德拉(Milan Kundera)為捷克作家，因倡言民主改革被視為是「布拉格之春」的先聲。1968年離開捷克流亡法國，1981年取得法國國際公民資格，1984年發表了著名小說「生命中不能承受之輕」，其作品雖具有明顯的哲學批判意味，但是嚴格說來他並不具備強烈的政治色彩，因此很難將其列入政治意識鮮明的行動派作家(écrivain engagé)。本文特別針對「生命中不能承受之輕」這部小說中的政治元素加以分析，進一步與臺灣目前之政治現象進行比較。在這部小說中，昆德拉在許多段落中使用了「kitsch」這個字彙，本文首先探討小說中「kitsch」的三大意涵，瞭解昆德拉透過這個字彙傳遞什麼樣的訊息，在故事結構中如何利用「kitsch」元素來建構故事佈局以及人物角色性格，如何間接表現出昆德拉的政治理念。接著本文利用昆德拉筆下的「kitsch」政治意涵來觀察當前臺灣政治局勢中的身分認同問題，也就是「臺灣本土意識」以及「臺獨論述」的關連性，我們發現臺獨論述在許多方面上非常吻合昆德拉筆下的政治「kitsch」特徵，臺獨運動植基於臺灣本土意識，反抗國民黨所推行之反攻大陸政策以及中共政權解放統一之企圖，透過愛臺灣口號進行政治動員，在臺灣形成主流意識型態。本文藉由昆德拉之kitsch概念進行觀察與比較，對臺灣意識以及臺獨論述的正當性進行哲學性的深入省思。

關鍵字

米蘭昆德拉 ； 媚俗 ； 臺灣本土意識 ； 臺灣獨立運動 ； 愛臺灣

並列摘要

Milan Kundera is an author born in the Czech Republic, he is considered as one of the main actors in Prague Spring by his once reformist political opinion. In 1968 he exiled to France and obtained naturalized citizen in 1981. In 1984 he published the very famous novel ”The Unbearable Lightness of Being.” His novel has very profound philosophical critics meaning, but in fact he doesn't reveal a very strong political inclination in his works, so he could not be classified as political engaged authors. This article concentrates on the political aspect of the novel and applies it to observe political phenomenon in current Taiwan society. In the novel, Kundera used frequently the term ”kitsch,” this article discusses three dimensions of kitsch appeared in the novel and shows how Kundera used them to construct the novel as well as characters' personalities, Kundera's political thought would be emerged in the mean time. In the following part, this article applies the notion of kitsch to observe the issue of identity in current Taiwan society, notably the link between the 'Taiwanese local identity sense' and 'Taiwan independent movement.' We consider that the Taiwan independent movement matches, from various aspects, descriptions of kitsch made by Kundera in his novel; Taiwan independent movement is based on dynamic from the Taiwanese local identity sense, this political project intends to revolt against what we call as ”the reconquest and unification” kitsch proclaimed by the Kuomintang, it also fights against ”the liberation unification” threatened by the Chinese Communist Party. This movement gains its power principally through the ”Love Taiwan” slogan, which has become the main stream ideology in Taiwan. In light of concepts from Kundera's novel, this article conducts an academic observation upon the legitimacy of Taiwanese identity and Taiwan independent movement.

並列關鍵字

Milan Kundera ； kitsch ； Taiwanese identity ； Taiwan independent movement ； Taiwan's native consciousness ； Love Taiwan

參考文獻

Calinescu, Matei(1977).Faces of modernity: avant-garde, décadence, kitsch.Bloomington:Indiana University Press.

Genin, Christophe(2007).Le kitsch: une histoire de parvenus.Nouveaux Actes Sémiotiques.janvier

Kundera, Milan(1984).L'insoutenable légèreté de l'être.Paris:Gallimard.

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