宿命與天命──墨子「非命」思想的反思

Fatalism and the Mandate of Heaven-an Reflection on Mozi's "Anti -fatalist" Thought

孫長祥(Chang-Hsiang Sun)

《哲學與文化》 38卷11期 (2011/11) Pp. 43-58

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.201111.0045

摘要

本論文主要以墨子為一位社會改革行動者，如何以非命祛除世界的宿命性，反思行動者應該具有的義務，而為天下興利除害的觀點；全面檢視《墨子》文獻，尋檢其中與非命、立義相關的概念，闡述墨子非命論思想的主要意涵。全文分成三部分，壹、前言：釐清與分辨有關「命」的基本概念。貳、本論：墨子「非命」思想的意涵。下分四段：一、墨子非命思想背景的一般性考察；二、以「三表法」建立批評的標準以非命；三、非命以立義──以天志代天命的主要意涵；四、說明墨子既非命又提倡敬天與明鬼的意義。參、結論：總結前文，對墨子非命論思想再評價。

關鍵字

墨子 ； 非命 ； 三表法 ； 義 ； 天志 ； 兼愛

並列摘要

This article is meant to see how Mozi, as an activist of social reform, deprived the world of fatalism through anti-fatalism, reflected on the obligation of an activist as well as procured benefits and eliminated adversities for the world; we also examine the texts of ”Mozi” allover to seek all the concepts related to both anti-fatalism and the establishment of the standards of judgment and explicate the central meanings of Mozi's anti-fatalist thought. Here we proceed along the foreword, the main body and the conclusion. The foreword is to clarify and compare the fundamental concepts of ”ming” (命, destiny). The main body is the meaning of Mozi's anti- fatalist thought, including four sections: first, a general survey o f the background of Mozi's anti-fatalist thought; second, to condemn fatalism in terms of the ”method of three standards”; third, to establish the standards of judgment by condemning fatalism, that is, to substitute the will of heaven for the mandate of heaven; fourth, to explain the meanings of Mozi's anti-fatalism and his advocacy of respecting heaven and understanding ghosts. The conclusion is to sum up the foregoing parts and re-evaluate Mozi's anti-fatalist thought.

並列關鍵字

Mozi ； Anti-fatalism ； Method of Three Standards ； Meaning ； Will of Heaven ； Universal Love

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