一神教、猶太性與伊底帕斯情結─《摩西與一神教》對父親形象的書寫

《摩西與一神教》是佛洛伊德一本藉由「伊底帕斯情結」解釋社會、政治現象的著作。佛洛伊德在《摩西與一神教》中，以「伊底帕斯情結」作為宗教起源，並在宗教史中，以此說明基督教與猶太教的宗教現象。他指出男孩早期的性欲對象為其母親，他總想佔據父親的位置，與自己的父親爭奪母親的愛情。因此「伊底帕斯情結」也可說是「戀母」情結。「戀母情結」不但影響個人人格發展，並且攸關文化與社會的發展。根據佛洛伊德的描述，在人類發展的早期，父親擁有統治部落的至高權勢，並獨占族內其他女人，宗教現象即來自原始時代人類性本能受到壓抑的經驗。特別是對一神教，更是如此。一神教是父親宗教的集大成者，也是所有宗教基礎的真實範例。信徒稱呼上帝為「父親」並非突然，因為一神教的上帝體現的就是「原始父親」的權威。原始殺父事件經由類似的歷史情境，重複地發生在猶太教創建者摩西的身上；殺父的創傷從此連結了摩西與猶太百姓，進而在數百年間使猶太民族逐漸演變成獨尊一神的局面。本文即是分析《摩西與一神教》書中一神教的傳統，並以一神教的根源和歷史衝突中分析出猶太性格的本質，特別是與父親的形象等問題呈現出宗教的基本特性。

關鍵字

佛洛伊德；一神論；猶太教

並列摘要

Moses and Monotheism is a book of Freud's interpretation of social and political phenomena. In this book, Freud attributes the origin of the religion to the ”Oedipus Complex,” with which he expounds Christian and Judaic religious facts. He points out that in an early stage a boy develops sexual desire towards his mother. He always aims to take his father's place and vie for his mother's love. Therefore, the Oedipus Complex can also be called a ”Mother-loving” complex, which has an impact not only on one's personality but also on culture and social development.According to Freud's description, during the early years of human history, the father had the highest power over the tribe and enjoys a monopoly of all the women. In other words, religion comes about from frustration of sexual instincts in the primitive age. However, the totemic festival has a special significance to religion, especially monotheism Monotheism is the ultimate Religion of the Father, and a true example for the basis of all religions. The believers address God as their ”Father,” which is not a coincidence; because a monotheistic God demonstrates the authority of the ”Primitive Father.” The original incident of father-killing repeats itself in Moses, the founder of Judaism under similar historical circumstances. The trauma of father-killing thus unites Moses and the Jewish people. Furthermore, during the next several hundred years, the Jewish nation developed a religion that upholds one God only. Moses and Monotheism includes Christianity into the monotheistic tradition, and explains t the origin of monotheism and the historical strife, Freud gives an analysis of the essence of the Jewish character.