從巫親時代天帝的祛魅，與秦漢之際陰陽五行天道思想的形成，論「天」內涵之轉化

中國古代文化存在著從「巫」到「史」的遞嬗，其中一段關鍵的資料，便是相傳發生於顓頊時代「絕地天通」的傳說。此說對巫史遞嬗的描述雖不盡然符合史實，卻記載了上古時期曾經發生過的一系列宗教改革，呈現出原本在巫文化原生時期以通天體質壟斷神意的巫覡，轉變為服務於王權之下的職官之若干過程。世俗政權以「以祖配帝」、「以德配天」試圖取代巫者的職能，創造其「天命神學」的信仰內涵。及春秋戰國時代，周禮不足以穩固封建帝國合諧，知識份子有感於天下秩序重新建立的迫切性，遂從對傳統「天命」的質疑中出走，轉向對天人之際新秩序的窮索，如墨家強調對「天志」之絕對信服，儒家發展其「盡心、知性而知天」的內在超越進路，亦有道家「人法地，地法天，天法道，道法自然」的自然主義天道觀，同蔚為其時「天」思想的主流。氣論哲學乘此時代對新天人關係與釋物秩序的需求，以一種「新科學」的姿態茁壯於戰國中期的思想土壤。此學以「釋物秩序」為核心，結合「陰陽」、「五行」等形式要素，發展了秦漢以降宇宙論中心的釋物體系。本文旨在研究上古時期宗教改革這動中對「天命神學」信仰內涵的改造，及此歷程中巫覡職能的轉變;代之而起的以「比類取象」等「物理」經驗為出發，抽象為「數理」精神的自然主義天道觀的歷程。文末並簡要評析此二種歷程中「天」的內涵的根本差異，及此差異對人類理性追求自我安頓的意義。

關鍵字

巫；巫覡；天命手中學；陰陽；五行；天道觀

並列摘要

In ancient Chinese culture exists a change progressively process from wizard to official historian. There is a critical legend ”Juedi tiantong” was occurred in Zhuanxu age. It is said the Zhuanxu blocked the access between haven and earth. This legend is not necessary true, but it is a record to prove there was a chain of religious reformation happened. It means the wizard who was thought with the power could access the haven and present God's will indecently had to become an official who served monarchial power in ancient witchcraft culture Temporal regime took over the privileges of wizard in the title of ”Ancient access the God,””Morality could access the God,” and created the belief content of ”Tianming theology. ”Till Chun Qiu Zhan Guo era, Zhou rites was not enough to stabilize the harmonious of empire. The intellectual felt the urgency of reconstruction process of social order, they researched deeply the order of ”Tiandao” instead of the doubt of traditional ”Tianming.” In the meantime with the request of new relation between haven and objects explanation order, Qi philosophy was blooming as an ”New Science” in Zhan Guo era. This discipline based on ”Objects explanation order” combined with the form of ”Yinyang,” ”Wuxing” to develop objects explanation system of universe theory center.This research article is about the transformation of the ”Tianming theology” in religious reformation in ancient era, and the transformation of the wizard's privileges. The religious idea was replaced by the reconstruction of physical experiences like ”Bi Lei Qu Xiang” etc. This article descries the process of naturalism Tian Dao theory which was the abstraction of ”Shu Li” spirit. The end of this article commented briefly the basic belief difference of these two transformation processes, and the meaning of human wisely pursuing ego settlement in the transformation Wushu to Shushu.