公民間關係與自由主義國家觀的當代構造

The Relationship among Citizens and the Contemporary Construction of the Liberal Conception of State

譚安奎(An-Kui Tan)

《哲學與文化》 39卷8期 (2012/08) Pp. 75-93

https://doi.org/10.7065/MRPC.201208.0075

摘要

國家能否被理解為一種構成性社群，這是社群主義與自由主義之爭的真正焦點。在社群主義者看來，自由主義持有的是一種基於私人之聚合的工具論國家觀，而且其具有強烈私人意向的契約論方法也無從解釋個人與國家之間關係的本質。羅爾斯的政治自由主義基於對公民間的倫理─政治關係的理解，將自由平等的公民作為社會契約的主體，從而構造了一種自由主義的政治社群。這種社群是一種內在的善，但它所依據的原則是公民們運用公共理性進行公共推理的結果，從而並不在本體論上享有相對於個體的優先性。公共理性的運用過程，與當代慎議民主理論所主張的慎議政治在本質上是契合的，後者為政治自由主義提供了必需的獨立政治概念的基礎，而這種契合也表明，自由主義政治社群的構造要求自由主義克服自身與民主主義之間的張力。

關鍵字

公民間關係 ； 自由主義 ； 社群主義 ； 國家觀 ； 慎議政治

並列摘要

Whether the state can be understood as a constituent community is the real focus in the dispute between communitarianism and liberalism. According to the communitarians, what liberalism has embraced is an instrumental conception of state based on the aggregation of private persons, and its contractarianist approach with strong private orientations is unable to grasp the nature of the relationship between individuals and the state. Proceeding from its understanding of the ethical-political relationship among citizens, Rawls's political liberalism takes the free and equal citizens as the parties of the social contract, hence constructs a liberal political community. This community is an inner good, but it does not enjoy an ontological priority over individuals, since the principles on which it relies are the outcome of the citizens' public reasoning in terms of public reason. The use of Public reason is congruent in nature with the deliberative politics proposed by the contemporary theories of deliberative democracy, and the latter offers a freestanding concept of the political necessary for political liberalism Meanwhile, this congruence suggests that liberalism has to overcome the tension between itself and democracy in order that a liberal political community can be constructed.

並列關鍵字

Relationship among Citizens ； Liberalism ； Communitarianism ； Conception of State ； Deliberative Politics