Song Dynasty Landscape Culture: Contradictions and Success of an Ideal of Harmony

宋代山水文化的和諧理念貫穿個人與社會整體。儘管此一和諧理念促成山水文化的高度成就，但仍有其對立、矛盾和失敗的面向。本文以宋代山水文化的和諧理念為題，探討其中的成就與對立矛盾，藉此辯證之途以彰顯宋代山水文化在歷史進程中的複雜性。本文將針對宋代園林、自然環境、山水畫以及其他相關的山水表現進行研究分析，討論其間相互的具體關係。本文尤其著重於宋代園林的研究，指出園林不僅涉及心靈淨土的主議題，也是權力的社會表述。本文首先綜論宋代園林研究的發展，其次，以宋代三座名園，南園、桂隱、玉津園為例，討論園林文化中的陰暗面，包括社會的競爭角逐以及材其中隱含的貨材投機生意。本文第三部分探討宋代山水文化的理想，分析宋代文人所追逐的山水夢想，進而討論文人思想中山水、教育和心靈陶成之間的關係。

關鍵字

山水文化；園林；和諧；宋代書院

並列摘要

The landscape culture of Song dynasty has an idea l of harmony that goes from the individual to the whole society. But this ideal of harmony, no matter how good its intentions, also had its dark sides, contradictions and failures. This paper puts together the failures and the positive aspect presented by the ideal of harmony in landscape culture. This dialectical strategy will show the complexity of the historical process of the Song dynasty landscape culture, as well as its aims, contradictions and good outcomes. Thus, the paper proposes an approach of Song landscape studies that analyses the actual relationship between gardens, natural environment, landscape paintings and other related manifestations during Song Dynasty. It focuses especially on gardens, recalling that gardens are not only a pure land of spiritual issues, but also a social expression of power. lt first sums up the evolution of researches in the field of gardens in the introduction, and develops in the first part the question of the dark side of gardens, with the social competition and material speculation it implies, through three examples of Song gardens. Then, in the second part, the paper focuses on the utopian landscape, starting with the dreamed one, before studying the relationship between landscape, education and mental hygiene.