論陽明「心即理」哲學中的隱蔽之知：一種背景哲學的現代詮釋進路

陽明哲學以心性學為基礎，其學問不論是求此心或學此心，皆與「心即理」相關，其學基礎主要在「心」、「心即理」等概念。但理解此命題並非易事，陽明自言「心即理」的困境在於常人對「理」觀念的誤解，僅以理為一般一事一物之理；又認為：「此說之蔽久矣，豈一語所能悟？」顯見「心即理」原則，在陽明身處的時代裡，即已具有不易被徹底理解的邊緣性與危機感。在此觀察下，本文認為「心即理」哲學中諸多的「隱蔽之知」必須加以彰顯；而呈顯的方法，在當代詮釋學要求增進對文本的前理解（preunderstand）的影響下，本文提出一種有關「背景哲學」詮釋進路，希能增加對陽明文本的前理解之背景的說明。例如對「心即理」的基礎本文所提出的背景哲學的內容，主要即是回答「為何心即理」與「心即理如何可能」的探討，此中的探討又涉及陽明學文本中諸多隱蔽之知的彰顯。所謂的隱蔽之知即傳統上認為必須透過徹底的工夫修養，經由去私欲等方法方可體悟，無法完全以知識進路進行分析與說明的部分；特別是陽明學中的根源義與創生義，以及陽明文本所具有的還原主體性的功能等面向，都含蘊在此種隱蔽之知之中，必須透過對其理論背景的說明方可明白呈顯。即為解決陽明學中隱蔽之知的問題，本文方提出「背景哲學」的方法。此方法原有兩項基本要求，首先是要求對文本的詮釋須先能合理而不違客觀文本原意，即詮釋者主觀的內涵須符合儒學的大歷史要求；其次即其詮釋功能，須能彰顯文本中隱而不顯的關鍵性問題，使本文解讀的困難能安置於合理的背景下進而有助於讀者的理解，此目標本文將透過區分「理論的發生」與「理論的應用」兩種架構進行處理。此外，本文對心的探討除了傳統的心性論觀點外，為增加其現代意義，嘗試增加下列三項觀點的探討：第一是文明演進的向度，從心性對價值體系的形成功能，以其形成功能為基點申說該文明的演進圖象。第二是儒學傳統如何面對現代，特別是後現代思想的問題。第三、明末王學末流的表現，說明了陽明「心即理」內涵的傳承確有其實質困難，本文認為其傳承困難乃因其學問中有諸多的隱蔽之知。本文即以「心即理」命題為例指出，如欲彰顯其中的隱蔽之知，以本文的方法論言其中的「背景哲學」，則可從為為何（why）與如何（how）兩個面向進行探討；詢問陽明為何要主張「心即理」，又如何真能做到「心即理」。其中皆涉及心即理哲學中隱蔽之知的問題，特別是須依賴發覺其中的根源義、主體性與還原回主體的能力才能徹底的理解此命題。本文即從上述觀點論述陽明「心即理」的基礎，以有別於傳統心性論分析心即理的方式。

關鍵字

王陽明；心即理；儒學方法論；致良知；背景哲學

並列摘要

Wang Yang-ming's philosophy is based on the doctrine of mind-nature, and his scholarship, whether it's seeking this heart or learning this heart, is concerned with concepts like ”mind” and ”mind as principle.” But this proposition is not easy to understand. Wang Yang-ming said himself that the difficulty with the concept of ”mind as principle” lies in the fact that people misunderstand ”principle” (Ii), assuming it's the general principle of ordinary things. As he also said, ”this concept has been misunderstood for so long that it's not easy to understand,” it's obvious that the rule of ”mind as principle” was already in danger of misunderstanding and marginalization. Following this observation, it is argued in this article that the many misunderstood concepts should be manifested; as for how to manifest it, under the influence of contemporary hermeneutics, which demands preunderstanding about the text, here we propose an approach of background philosophy in wishes explicate more about the background of the preunderstanding about Wang's texts. For instance, in terms of the background of ”mind as principle,” the content of background philosophy brought up here is mainly to respond to the exploration of ”Why mind is principle?” and ”How mind as principle is possible?” This exploration involves the manifestation of many misunderstood concepts from Wang Yang-ming's texts. The misunderstood concepts are traditionally considered to be something that could only be understood through complete cultivation and elimination of desires rather than being analyzed and explained by the approach of knowledge. Particularly, the original and created meanings in Wang's doctrine along with its function of restoring subjectivity are contained in such misunderstood concepts, which can only be clearly shown through explaining the background of its theories.It's to resolve the problem with the misunderstood concepts that here we propose the methodology of ”background philosophy.” This methodology has two basic requirements. First, the interpretation of the texts must be reasonable without defying the original meanings of the objective texts, that is, the interpreter's subjective argument must accord with the macro-historical requirements of Confucianism. Second, the function of the interpretation must be able to reveal the concealed key questions in the texts, placing the difficulty with decoding the texts under a reasonable background and helping with the reader's understanding, and this article shall achieve this goal through the two frameworks of ”the occurrence of the theory” and the ”application of the theory.” Moreover, other than the traditional view about the mind-nature theory, we try to approach through the following three perspectives: the first one is the dimension of the evolution of civilization, demonstrating the evolution of the civilization in terms of the formative function of mind-nature to the value systems; the second one is how Confucian tradition deals with the problems of modernity and post-modernity in particular; the third one is that the difficulty with transmitting Wang's concept of ”mind as principle” lies in the many misunderstood concepts in his scholarship.With the proposition of ”mind as principle,” this article points out that you can investigate the background philosophy of Wang's scholarship in terms of ”why” and ”how” to manifest the misunderstood concepts, asking why Wang argued for ”mind as principle” and how to really fulfill ”mind as principle.” All this research involves the issue of the misunderstood concepts in the philosophy of ”mind as principle,” and one has to be able to discover the original meaning and subjectivity as well as restore subjectivity to thoroughly understand this proposition. Here we discuss Wang's ”mind as principle” through the afore-mentioned perspectives rather than the traditional mind-nature analysis of ”mind as principle.”