馬里旦論「藝術」與「習性」

本文區分為三個小節。第一小節為「理智與習性」，說明習性在整體德行中的作用。在本節中歸納出習性的基本特徵：由活動而來、是精神活動、不可轉讓、恆常穩定。第二小節為「藝術與習性」，此小節再分兩部分析論：「共同本性」、「藝術包含一個不失誤的德行」。在共同本性裡，說明藝術與藝術家因為有共同本性，使得藝術家靈魂中的創作可以傳遞至藝術作品。而藝術包含一個不失誤的德行，說明藝術的根本要義在於藝術的精神而不是藝術家的技巧。第三小節為「藝術與德行」，說明藝術活動與德行行為之間的同異。馬里旦根據理智的活動涵蓋了藝術與德行行為，但是這兩者雖有共同的理智上的根源，但是在現實的操作上有其各自獨立之處。

關鍵字

藝術；習性；實踐理智；明智；共同本性；深思熟慮

並列摘要

This article is divided into three sections. The first section talks about ”reason and habits,” explaining the function of habits in virtues, and characterizes habits as activity-derived, spiritual, non-transferable, and constant. The second section is about ”arts and habits,” analyzing ”connaturality” and ”the infallible rectitude of art.” The connaturality accounts for the creative transmission from the artist's soul to his work of art; the infallible rectitude of art accounts for the essence of arts, which lies in artists' spirits rather than the skills. The third section is about ”arts and virtues,” explaining the similarities and differences between art activities and virtual behaviors. Maritain's rationality-founded activities consist of activities of both arts and virtual behaviors. However, with the common origin in rationality, arts and virtues are independent of one another in practice.