從「素王」到「教主」：「宗教觀」在康有為儒學思想中的轉折與應用

Capacity as Imperial or as God? - Consigned the Deepest Affections Toward the Religious Belief of Academic Achievement in Late Qing Dynasty Enlightenment about Kang You-wei

楊濟襄(Ji-Xiang Yang)

《哲學與文化》 43卷6期 (2016/06) Pp. 57-76

摘要

「宗教觀」的萌念、西學的牽引，交叉驅使著康有為跨出傳統，並且在傳統經學釋義的詮解上，注入了全新的元素。在「效法耶教」的心理下，康有為著力於「設孔教」、「立教主」，「儒學」刻意的被「宗教化」，冀望透過儒教的形式，使孔聖之學在地球萬國的嶄新世界裡被尊崇與信奉。康有為認為：消滅了「以孔子為軸心」、「以人道為訴求」的「孔教」，中國將名存實亡；「中國魂」一旦散了，等同滅文滅種，將永無再起之望。康有為以「人道教」視孔教，其餘佛、耶、回諸教皆只被視為「神道教」。他指出：「以孔子為教主」的「孔教」（人道教），文明層次更在「以神道設教」的「耶教」之上。為了解釋「中國的聖人在面對新世界時應當立足於何處」，康有為的經世藍圖，以「仁」為價值核心；回歸於孔子的「仁」，敷教從寬。「人道教」不排斥他教，且是各「神道教」的終極目標；孔子的地位，不只是中國的「素王」，更是世界大同中的「教主」。康有為相信——孔子學說，是超越所有時空限制的偉大真理，孔子絕對有理由屹立於當前世界而受尊奉。本文以「宗教觀」在康有為儒學思想中的轉折與應用為觀察重點，由「素王」到「教主」這二個儒學倡議的轉化，深入分析康有為對儒學的解構與新繹。

關鍵字

康有為 ； 經世 ； 儒教 ； 孔教 ； 西學

並列摘要

The academic circle has a lot of discussions on every patterns for the “Three Epitomes of Times” of Kang You-wei (康有為), especially focuses on its concrete description for the social item. Because the predecessors have been discussed in detail, this article will not concentrate on the items of the “Three Epitomes of Times”. It would be written from the traditional context of interpretation of Gong-Yang Studies to analyze the views for the subjects in writings of Gong-Yang, Dong Zhong-Shu (董 仲舒) and He-Xiu’s (何休), from their opinions to deduce the “Evolution of Civilization”, “Gradually Evolution of Current Situation” and others characteristics. Its ＂core value＂ belongs to the ＂Jen＂ (仁) which Confucius have discussed, and Kang You-wei took its fulfilling level as the standard to interpret the level of ＂Believes＂, because in this way he could not only respond to the academic phenomenon of using ＂the Analects of Confucius＂ to be the various classics' explaining basis which the Present Characters Confucianists upheld from mid Qing Dynasty, but also develop Kang Youwei's unique and innovative standpoint of Gong-Yang Studies, and finally make his ＂Believes＂ to emphasize on the part of ＂Oral Discussion＂ and separate from its tradition to be the ＂Few Words Type＂ of ＂No Text＂. According to this, in the case of no worry about using words of text, the perspective of subjects about Kang's ＂Three Epitomes of Times＂ evolved to be a kind of ＂Thought Dedution＂ in the final. It not only organized Kang's theory to have the characteristics of ＂weeding through the old to bring forth the new＂, but also made his viewpoints always change their tune, even show the contradictory phenomenon before and after. This article tries to provide a more corresponding interpreted mode about Kang's academic characteristics to explain why his ＂Believes＂ and ＂Confucian＂ was so difficult to be said through the great comprehension of the standpoint of Kang's ＂Believes＂ while comparing to the traditional Gong-Yang Studies.

並列關鍵字

Kang You-wei ； Gong-Yang School ； Missioner ； Religion ； Western Knowledge

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