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明末清初上帝存在的中國式證明--在信仰尋求理解的脈絡中思考「天主即上帝」的問題

The Chinese Style Arguments for the Existence of God in Late Ming and Early Qing Dynasty—A Reflection on "Deus is the Confucian God" in the Context of Faith Seeking Understanding

摘要


本文在信仰尋求理解的脈絡中,考察基督宗教傳統中關於上帝存在的證明,並將其與明末清初中西學者圍繞「吾國天主,即華言上帝」的證明、反駁與辯護聯繫在一起,加以分析思考。本文認為關於「天主即上帝」的論證、反駁與辯護,是基督宗教信仰在尋求中國文化理解過程中的產生的問題,它與西方基督宗教傳統中上帝存在的證明密切相關。這場討論是一場「從信仰到信仰」的進程,在此進程中,「天主」與「上帝」的概念是信仰,「天主即上帝」或相反的觀點,同樣也是基於其信仰。因此,在神哲學上,「天主即上帝」的證明可以被視為關於上帝存在的中國式證明,即基督宗教的「天主」在中國文化傳統中尋求理解的嘗試;在信仰實踐中,「天主」與「上帝」關係問題的背後,是基督宗教與中國文化的關係問題,是中國基督徒是否可以以及如何在自己的文化傳統中實踐基督宗教信仰的問題。在基督宗教信仰尋求中國文化理解的脈絡中,我們可以說「天主即上帝」,在信仰的實踐中,中國基督徒應該努力用中國的文化創造性地表達基督宗教信仰,並形成新的基督宗教的中國傳統。

關鍵字

天主 儒家的上帝 信仰 理性 文化 道德倫理 文化傳統

並列摘要


In the context of faith seeking understanding, based on the study of the arguments for the existence of God in Christian theology and philosophy tradition, this paper analyses the arguments for the existence of God and the debates of "Deus is the Confucian God" among the Roman Catholic scholars and the Chinese scholars in late Ming and early Qing dynasty in China. All of the above, which are closely related to the arguments for the existence of God in Christian theology and philosophy tradition, are the problems produced from the context that Christian faith seeks understanding in the Chinese traditional culture. The paper thinks that, in the history of the Christian theology and philosophy, the arguments for the view of "Deus is the Confucian God" could be seen as the Chinese style arguments for the existence of God, which means that the arguments are attempts that the faith seeking understanding of Deus in Chinese tradition. The arguments for the view of "Deus is the Confucian God" are journeys "from faith to faith". The contents of both Deus and Confucian God are faith, while the view of "Deus is the Confucian God" and the opposite one are also based on faith. We could say "Deus is the Confucian God" in the context of Christian faith seeking understanding in Chinese cultural tradition. In the practice of faith, Chinese Christians should express Christian religious faith creatively by using Chinese culture, and then form a new Christian religion tradition in Chinese culture.

並列關鍵字

Deus Confucian God Faith Reason Culture Moral Ethics Cultural Traditional

參考文獻


Barth, Karl(1960).Anselm: Fides Quaerens Intellectu: Anselm's Proof of the Existence of God in the Context of his Theological Scheme.Pittsburgh:Pickwick Publications.
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安瑟倫、溥林譯(2005)。信仰尋求理解—安瑟倫著作選集。北京:中國人民大學出版社出版。
沈清松(2004)。對他者的慷慨:從外推精神看中華文化與基督宗教。香港:崇基學院。

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