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清初理學對氣學的回應--陸世儀的「即氣是理」說及其對羅欽順「理氣為一物」論的評析

The Response of Neo Confucianism to the Qi Theory in the Early Qing Dynasty - Lu Shiyi's Li Qi Theory and His Comment on Luo Qinshun's Qi Monism Theory

摘要


在經歷了元明以來的「理」的理解方面的「去實體化」的轉向以後,理學思想家大都走向了理氣一元論,即理不再作為氣之中的一種實體化的存在,而更多的是作為氣之條理、律則講,這顯然已經偏離了朱子原有的理論形態。有鑒於此,陸世儀站在申明朱子之說的立場,提出「即氣是理」說,認為「理之於氣,一而二,二而一」,堅定地維護著朱子理氣二元存在論之架構。他堅持要在氣化活動之外,另立恆存不變之理,既作為解釋萬有存在的「所以然之故」,同時也作為世間萬象生成變化所遵循的「所當然之則」。這種行為如果放在元明理學「理」的理解方面的「去實體化」的轉向這一思想大背景下看,陸世儀就不簡單的是一個「述朱者」,他其實是朱子思想的發揚光大者或者說是異代重光者。

並列摘要


In the context of the dematerialization of Li during Yuan and Ming Dynasty, Neo Confucianism began to acknowledge Qi monism, which has deviated from Zhu Zi's theory of Li Qi. In view of this, Lu Shiyi stood firm to keep Zhu Zi's Structure of dualism of Li Qi. He insisted on keeping the superbility of Li as the basis for existence and activity of Qi. On the one hand, Li leech on to Qi and those two elements cannot become disjoined. On the other hand, Li is beyond dynamic and static, only then can Li dominate the vicissitudes of Qi. Based on these, Li precedes Qi, Li as body and Qi as application, Li as constant and Qi as variable, Li dominate Qi could be established. Seen in the context of the dematerialization of Li during Yuan and Ming Dynasty, Lu Shiyi was more than just a retailer but a revivalist.

參考文獻


申祖勝,〈陸世儀「理先於氣」說之特色及其時代意義〉,《中國哲學史》1(2018): 80-85。
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高海波,〈宋明理學從二元論到一元論的轉變——以理氣論、人性論為例〉,《哲學動態》12(2015): 35-42。
清.張廷玉等編,《明史》,北京:中華書局,1974。
清.陸世儀,《思辨錄輯要》35 卷,《景印文淵閣四庫全書》(子部,儒家類)第724 冊,臺北:臺灣商務印書館影印文淵閣所藏乾隆鈔本,1983。

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