平等是妒忌的結果？－以約翰．羅爾斯為中心的考察

諾齊克相信，人們追求平等實際上是妒忌心理推動的結果。他批評以羅爾斯為代表的平等主義者沒有認真對待平等和妒忌的關係。本文指出，諾齊克對羅爾斯的批評有失公允。在《正義論》一書中，羅爾斯雖然在原初狀態中證明兩個正義原則時不考慮妒忌因素，但是後來穩定性檢驗中表明，現實社會中的妒忌心理既不會威脅到兩個正義原則的證成，也不會破壞到良序社會的穩定運行。然而本文亦將證明羅爾斯處理妒忌的方式是有問題的，一方面他無需將妒忌之心排除在原初狀態的考慮之外，另一方面也不必擔心原初狀態中引入妒忌會改變人們對兩個正義原則的最終選擇。

關鍵字

正義；平等；妒忌；羅爾斯；諾齊克

並列摘要

It is believed that, according to Robert Nozick, inequality will do harm to self-esteem of the social disadvantaged people, and social equality is motived by envy which is identified as evil. Nozick criticized John Rawls for not taking the relationship between equality and envy seriously. The article shows that the criticism from Nozick is inaccurate, because Rawls had discussed the relationship in stability test in A Theory of Justice, though he set it aside in the original position. However, Rawls' approach defending that equality is not motivated by envy is problematic, I will argue in the article that Rawls shouldn't have excluded the envy out of the original position, and if included, then there is no need to worry about that people behind the veil of ignorance would prefer other principles of justice than the Justice as Fairness posed by Rawls.

並列關鍵字

Justice ； Equality ； Envy ； Rawls ； Nozick

參考文獻

Frye, Harrison. “The Relation of Envy to Distributive Justice,” Social Theory and Practice 42.3(2016).

Google Scholar

Green, Jeffrey. “Rawls and the Forgotten Figure of the Most Advantaged: In Defense of Reasonable Envy toward the Superrich,” American Political Science Review 107.1(2013).