「以百姓心為心」：章太炎「回真向俗」之學術心志與治學倫理檢視

＂Take the People's Mind as the Mind＂: A Review of Zhang Taiyan's Academic Ambition and Academic Ethics on ＂From the True Essence to the Samvrti-satya＂

李智福(Zhifu LI)

《哲學與文化》 49卷7期 (2022/07) Pp. 135-149

摘要

章太炎「回真向俗」是以佛學之真諦轉勝為莊學之俗諦，從佛學的出世間法轉勝為莊學的世間法，從佛學的「證生空」轉勝為莊學的「適民意」，其實質就是從「以佛陀心為心」轉勝為「以百姓心為心」。與佛學馳騖於涅槃寂靜不同，莊學隨順自然、任運輪回更「適民意」，《齊物論釋》兩次以「以百姓心為心」揭示莊學與佛學之不同，殆非偶然，「百姓心」成為其莊學詮釋學之核心。同時，根據《菿漢微言》相關語境，「回真向俗」是以莊學的「齊物」、「天倪」哲學公允評騭古今學術，臧否歷史人物，其評騭衡準也是是否「以百姓心為心」，古今中西學術皆隨根普益，了無定法，利益百姓則肯定之，戕害百姓則否定之。章太炎在《自述學術次第》中認為學術研究曲通於「百姓當家之事，小者乃生民常道」，他以晉人的「林下之風」自操，警惕學人不要以學術剝削百姓而成為民脂民膏的搜刮者，此其所恪守的學術倫理。

關鍵字

章太炎 ； 回真向俗 ； 齊物論釋 ； 菿漢微言 ； 莊子 ； 百姓心

並列摘要

Zhang Taiyan's ＂From the true to the vulgar＂ is to change the true meaning of Buddhism into the common meaning of Zhuangzi, from the worldly Dharma of Buddhism to the worldly Dharma of Zhuangzi, and from Buddhism's ＂To realize the emptiness of life＂ to Zhuangzi's ＂To suit the wishes of the people＂. Its essence is to change from ＂Buddha's heart＂ to ＂people's heart＂. Different from Buddhism's focus on Nirvana, Zhuangzi's following nature and reincarnation is more suitable for public opinion. The difference between Zhuangzi's and Buddhism's is revealed twice by ＂taking the people's heart as the heart＂ in Notes on Qi Wu Lun. It is almost no accident that the ＂common people's mind＂ has become the core of Zhangtaiyan's hermeneutics. At the same time, according to the relevant context of Zhuohanweiyan (《菿漢微言》), Zhang Taiyan' s ＂From the true to the vulgar＂ is a fair evaluation of ancient and modern learning and evaluation of historical figures based on the philosophy of ＂Equality＂ and ＂Natural limits＂ of Zhuangzi school. He took ＂whether it conforms to the people's heart＂ as the standard. If it is beneficial to the people, it will be affirmed; if it is harmful to the people, it will be denied. Different theories are useful to different people, so there is no uniform standard for the quality of theories. It should be pointed out that there is an intermediate relationship between academic research and ＂Ordinary people's daily life＂ in Zhang Taiyan's self statement of his academic research process. He took the ＂style of study under the forest＂ of Jin people as his conduct, in order to alert scholars not to become exploiters of the common people, which was his academic ethics. In a word, ＂taking people's heart as heart＂ is Mr. Zhang Taiyan's self-demand of reading and studying actually. His academic career has always maintained the common people's background.

並列關鍵字

Zhang Taiyan ； From the True to the Vulgar ； Notes on Qi Wu Lun ； Zhuohanhanweiyan ； Zhuang Zi ； People's Heart

參考文獻

章太炎，《菿漢微言》，《章太炎全集》（十二），上海：上海人民出版社，2018。

章太炎，《太炎文錄初編》，《章太炎全集》（四），上海：上海人民出版社，2018。

章太炎，《齊物論釋定本》，《章太炎全集》（六），上海：上海人民出版社，2018。

章太炎，《太炎文錄補編上》，《章太炎全集》（十八），上海：上海人民出版社，2018。

章太炎，《演講集上》，《章太炎全集》（十），上海：上海人民出版社，2018。