蔣中正對「多田聲明」的因應態度

1935年9月24日「支那駐屯軍」司令宮多田駿在天津宴請日本記者餐會上發表「多田聲明」，由聲明的內容可知多田對國民黨與蔣中正極為不信任與排斥。但由他發表聲明的動作說明他將以華北為建功立業的政治舞臺，企圖積極主導華北自治的工作，顯示駐屯軍與關東軍爭奪華北工作主導權的問題。這個聲明對中國引起極大的震撼，一般均認為聲明干涉中國內攻，污辱蔣中正與國民黨。國民政府除了私下透過報紙進行撰文反駁外，也分別在南京與東京由外交人員進行交涉。但此時日本岡田啟介內閣正因「天皇機關說」問題引發倒閣運動所困擾，故僅以此聲明並非日本政府方針及軍部的真正態度，亦非多田本人意思的方式簡單回應，以便專心處理內部倒閣危機。在這期間曾發生武漢警備司令葉蓬因反日行為而遭日本駐漢口總領事要求予以撤職一事，汪兆銘主張將聲明事件與撤職案等同處理，以視兩國主權平等。但蔣中正並未關注聲明污辱中國的內容，而是考量1935年上半年在華日軍推動華北分離活動，認為這是在華日軍將對華北再次展開活動的訊號，以為聲明事件的危險性在於對華北情勢的影響，因此主張應採取分別處理原則，並親自北上安撫華北將領，華北自治運動最後草草了事與此難說不無關係，說明此聲明有其警訊之意義。而由汪兆銘與蔣中正處理聲明事件的不同態度，顯示兩人在個性與外交視野的差異，同時也說明汪兆銘身為外交部長但職權的侷限性，以及蔣中正雖在前線剿匪，但是國民政府的對日外交方針仍是以其態度為依歸。

關鍵字

蔣中正；汪兆銘；多田駿；華北自治；天皇機關說

並列摘要

On 24 September 1935, Tada Hayao, the Commander-in-chief of Japanese China Garrison Army in Northern China, made a declaration at a press conference in Tientsin, which showed that he distrusted and despised the Chinese leader, Chiang Kai-shek. It was clear that Tada wished to use Northern China as the stepping stone for his political career, by making it an autonomous territory. This action also revealed that Japanese China Garrison Army was contending with the Kwantung Anny for the leading role in Northern China.The so-called Tada declaration was a great shock to China for its grave interference in the in tern al affairs of China as well as a huge insult to Chiang Kai-shek and the KMT. The Nationalist Government started to negotiate with Japan on the one hand, and expressed their anger and outrage in the newspapers on the other. Meanwhile, Japan was in the midst of the so-called ”Emperorship's Organs Theory” and the prime minister Keisuke Okada was in dangle of being overthrown. Naturally, Keisuke Okada was more concerned about this constitutional issue than the case of the Tada Declaration. He responded rather simply by saying that the declaration was neither the policy of the government, nor the attitude of the army, nor even the real intention of Tada himself.At the same time, the Japanese Consul General at Hankou requested that the Chinese Garrison Commander of Wuhan, Yeh Feng, must be dismissed from his position for his anti-Japanese behaviors. China's Foreign Minister, Wang Ching-wei suggested that in order to show respect for the sovereignty equality of the two nations, the two cases should be taken care of side by side.But Chiang did not pay much attention to the insulting words in the Tada declaration. He felt that since 1935 the Japanese in China had tried every means to dismember Northern China and this very declaration was an evidence of yet another clear threat to further the invasion of China. Judging on the harmful impact the declaration might have on the situation in Northern China, so Chiang instead suggested that the two cases should be handled separately. So, he went north to pacify the high-ranking officials there. It was probable that there was some connection between this act of Chiang and the ending of the Movement for Autonomy in Northern China.The difference in attitudes between Wang and Chiang toward the event showed that they were of very different personalities and views. As the foreign minister, Wang had rather limited powers; while Chiang, on the other hand, was still the very one person who decided policies concerning foreign affairs regardless of wherever he was.