美援、農復會與1950年代臺灣的飲食營養措施－以美援相關檔案為中心

在1950年代國際冷戰結構中，臺灣成為東亞地區圍堵共產勢力的一環。在此時代氛圍中，美援及國民黨當局都重視攸關國民健康的飲食營養措施。依據本文運用美援相關檔案，發現1950年代初農復會支持軍隊營養的兩項試驗，反映營養與軍力的關聯，使得美援重視軍隊營養改善，以符應增強臺灣的國防軍力之目標。其次，1954年起，農復會推動食物營養計畫，主要目標在食物的節約、保存及儲備，以及改善國民營養。在方法上，除進行食物營養研究之外，亦提供相關技術與設備協助，以促進食品加工及食物相關產業之發展。換言之，食物營養計畫既符合扶植臺灣產業發展與經濟自立之目標，也有利於美國拓展海外市場。整體而言，1950年代農復會順利推動飲食營養措施，除得利於美援農產品及營養相關知識技術，包括國際組織之協力，亦不可忽略臺灣本身所具備的相關基礎，包括營養相關專業人才投入和普及的國民教育設施。

關鍵字

營養學；美援衛生計畫；中國農村復興聯合委員會；食物營養計畫；國民營養

並列摘要

In the global cold-war structure of the 1950s, Taiwan became a base for the containment of communist forces in East Asia. In this era, both the U.S. Aid and the Kuomintang authorities paid attention to the dietary nutrition measures that are relevant to national health. Utilizing materials found at archives of agencies connected to U.S. Aid, this article studies two trials of military nutrition supported by the Sino-American Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction (JCRR) in the early 1950s. The trials reflected the importance of the relationship between nutrition and military strength and led the U.S. Aid to attach great importance to improving military nutrition, so as to meet the goal of enhancing Taiwan's national defense. Moreover, since 1954 the JCRR promoted food nutrition programs, the main goals of which were food saving and preservation, and improving nutrition of the populace. In addition to food nutrition research, JCRR provided related technology and equipment to promote food processing and food-related industries. The food nutrition program thus was not only in line with the goal of supporting industrial development and economic independence of Taiwan, but also helping the United States to expand its overseas markets. On the whole, JCRR successfully promoted dietary nutrition measures in the 1950s. In carrying out those measures, Taiwan benefitted from U.S agricultural products and nutrition-related knowledge and technologies, as well as from the concerted efforts of international organizations. However, we should not overlook the relevant foundations that Taiwan itself possessed, such as nutrition- related professionals and facilities for public health education.