臺灣軍公教人員食米配給制度的形成及其運作（1950-1960s）

本文旨在重建1950至1960年代臺灣實物配給制度的形成與運作過程，探討中國國民黨政府為何要透過食米配給，來保障軍公教人員的基本生活條件，與政府如何執行該制度，以及軍公教人員對此制度之因應。政府遷臺之初，大量軍民來臺，生活陷入困境。但政府囿於財政赤字、物價膨脹的陰影，為避免增加財政支出，故實施實物配給以改善公務員待遇。政府透過肥料換穀制度以低價取得稻米，再分配給軍公教人員，從而減輕財政負擔。而政府收購的稻米除供應國內軍需民食外，還外銷國際市場，外銷一旦遲滯，庫存就會過多。此時政府以「推陳儲新」機制，將陳糧釋出，收購新的糧食進行儲備，用配給制度消化庫存米。由於配給制度是依軍公教人員的家庭人數，依比例增加配給米的額度，並無職等差別，即使家庭成員人數眾多、勞動度低，配給制度亦足使成員溫飽。然當食米配給量超過消費時，軍公教人員可出售糧票，或交由糧食局收購，換取現金以增加家庭收入。

關鍵字

食米配給；公務員；通貨膨脹；財政赤字；肥料換穀；推陳儲新

並列摘要

This study reconstructs the formation and operation of the food rationing system in Taiwan from the 1950s to the 1960s. It investigates the rationales behind the implementation of this system by the Nationalist Government, which secured a basic livelihood for military personnel, civil servants and teachers. It also examines how the system operated and how the beneficiaries reacted to the system. The Nationalist Government retreated to Taiwan along with a large number of military personnel and civilians, most of whom living in poor conditions. In view of the fiscal deficits and price inflation at the time, the government provided in-kind food aids to its employees so as to avoid further increase in expenditures. Specifically, the government purchased local rice at reduced prices through a fertilizer-rice bartering system and allocated the rice to military personnel, civil servants and teachers, thereby reducing its fiscal burden. The purchased rice not only covered domestic needs but was also exported to foreign countries. However, poor export performance sometimes resulted in excess inventory. To manage this problem, the government adopted a first-in-first-out approach to bring in fresh rice while allocating stored rice to its in-kind food aids. Rice was allocated proportionally to military personnel, civil servants and teachers on the basis of the number of their family members regardless of their job titles or rank. This ensured food supply to those with large families or low productivity. When the amount of rationed rice exceeded the consumption of a family, the ration recipients could sell their rice tickets to others in need or back to the Grain Bureau in exchange for cash, thus increasing their family income.