民國時期的僧教育理念論爭－以1937年《海潮音》與《佛教公論》為中心

Controversy over Ideas of Sangha Education in Republican China: A Case Study of the 1937 Debate between the Voice of the Sea Tide and Public Opinion on Buddhism

林盈君(Ying-chun Lin)

《國史館館刊》 73期 (2022/09) Pp. 33-35+37-80

摘要

民國時期因應政治變局產生的各種社會思潮、文化改革，也影響著佛教界。閩南佛學院正是二十世紀初寺廟應時代變化而生的高級僧伽學校，佛教養正院則是考量閩南在地初級僧伽教育需求而成立的機構。二者雖同附屬於廈門南普陀寺，兩院學僧卻於1936年11月底在寺院澡堂發生肢體衝突，進而引發1937年《海潮音》與《佛教公論》兩刊物的論爭。這場論爭雖為時不長，卻在佛教界內部掀起不小波瀾，更隱含了許多值得考察的面向。特別是寺院內學僧的鬥毆，直接衝擊了民國以來佛教改革與僧伽教育的一個核心目標，也就是重整「戒律」。《海潮音》與《佛教公論》雙方對特定人事的相互攻訐，究其根本在於對僧教育理念的不同看法。相較《海潮音》強調僧伽的現代化與面向世界，以呼應中國整體的政治改革，《佛教公論》則著重回歸佛教本身與本地僧材培育，凸顯閩南地區對僧教育的在地看法，以及地域視角如何回應以太虛（1890－1947）為代表的佛教改革運動，呈現了民國佛教界內部對僧教育改革的不同聲音。是以本文擬從1936年閩南佛學院與佛教養正院所發生的鬥毆事件切入，探究1937年《海潮音》與《佛教公論》論爭背後所涉及的不同地域佛教網絡與僧教育理念，描繪民國時期佛教的跨域發展與內涵，並反思學界過去著重太虛及《海潮音》等主流聲音進行研究的問題，對新舊佛教之爭的二元對立說提出若干觀察。

關鍵字

《海潮音》 ； 《佛教公論》 ； 閩南佛學院 ； 佛教養正院 ； 僧教育

並列摘要

The Republican era witnessed the establishment of two renowned institutes for sangha education in Southern Fujian: the Minnan Buddhist Institute (Minnan Foxueyuan), which was dedicated to senior sangha education; and the Buddhist Institute for the Cultivation of Pure Sangha (Fojiao Yangzhengyuan), founded to meet the educational needs of more junior sangha. Despite the fact that both institutes were attached to the Nanputuo Temple in Xiamen, a brawl between their students over use of the monastery's bathhouse erupted in 1936. This conflict then triggered a debate in 1937 between two leading Buddhist journals -- Voice of the Sea Tide (Haichaoyi) and Public Opinion on Buddhism (Fojiao Gonglun) -- which expressed diverse attitudes about the reform of sangha education among the elite Buddhist circles of that age. Although the debate did not last long, it gave voice to very different viewpoints about Buddhist education in Southern Fujian, as well as how regional traditions responded to the Buddhist reform movement advocated by the eminent monk Tai Xu (1890-1947). This article takes the 1936 brawl as a starting point to analyze the varying regional Buddhist networks and ideas about sangha education underlying the debate that took place in Voice of the Sea Tide and Public Opinion on Buddhism. This evidence is then employed to map out the trans-regional developments of Buddhism during the Republican era, rethink the premise that places Tai Xu and Voice of the Sea Tide at the center of modern Buddhist reform movement, and reconsider conventional wisdom about dichotomies between ＂new＂ and ＂old＂ Buddhism in modern China.

並列關鍵字

Voice of the Sea Tide ； Public Opinion on Buddhism ； Minnan Buddhist Institute ； Buddhist Institute for the Cultivation of Pure Sangha ； Sangha Education

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