從建築火災案例探討建築火災人命安全因素之研究－以85至89年高雄市發生之建築火災為例

民國80年至85年間，我國陸續發生多起重大火災案例，引起社會各界普遍重視，促使政府推出對應的防範措施，使85年以後單一建築火災造成十多人死亡之案例已不復見。然而相對於重大火災的減少，一般傷亡人數較少之建築火災仍時有所聞。本研究探討高雄地區85年1月至89年6月之建築火災，瞭解建築防火失敗而造成人員傷亡的定性定量因素，作為建築物火災危險度評估之基礎。本研究所採用的方法包括：一、文獻分析法：蒐集國內外有關火災人命安全因素之相關文獻，予以整理、分析，以瞭解人命安全因素的選取及分類方法，初擬本研究之人命安全因素。二、調查研究法：蒐集「火災報案記錄」資料及傷亡案例之「火災調查報告書」，用以作為統計之基礎。三、統計分析法：1．迴歸分析(Regression)2．因素分析(Factor Analysis)3．區別分析(Discriminate Analysis)本研究所得主要結論如下：一、高雄市行政區年火災發生次數可利用行政區人口數加以推估。二、從文獻比較初擬的15個安全因素，利用傷亡案例資料，以因素分析法篩選出8個較具解釋力的安全因素，再經區別分析法得到各因素之權重，其中以「防火區劃」、「隔間材料」及「封閉空間」3項因素對人員傷亡影響最大，並可根據此3項因素所構成之區別方程式預測傷亡案件是否會導致人員死亡。在49件傷亡案例中可成功分類42件案例，分類正確率為83.67%。三、獨棟住宅內部各樓層間並無防火區劃之設置，使未區劃之樓梯間形成煙囪效應，造成起火樓層以上人員之死亡。

關鍵字

火災；安全因素；火災危險度評估

並列摘要

Numerous major fires occurred between 1991 and 1996. Since then, our government has established counter-measures such as setting up a fire prevention management system and periodic fire safety inspections. This has greatly reduced the casualties due to fire accidents. Although the number of major fire accidents has decreased, minor fires still occur from time to time. Our research emphasizes small building fires to realize the general fire-safety factors in building fires. Our goal is to discuss the regular patterns in building fire casualties, analyze the factors leading to injuries and deaths to determine why fire prevention failed. With these statistics, we can determine a basis for evaluating building fire safety. The conclusions are: 1) The annual number of building fires in the Kaohsiung administrative divisions could be accumulated by simple regression. 2) Lacking fire safety facilities and fire containment in residences not only shortens the escape time, but also causes deaths on the floors above the fire source. This is the typical pattern in building fire casualties. 3) Among these safety factors, fire containment, interval materials, and airtight spaces are the main factors that influence the number of casualties. With these three factors, we are able to predict whether or not each incident is fatal.