雅美族傳統民居防風對策之研究

蘭嶼年平均風速爲全台之冠，夏季颱風頻繁，冬季東北季風盛行，因此島民雅美人發展出以防風機能爲主的民居劍式，以適應嚴酷的氣候挑戰。雅美族的工作房及涼台，以「海陸軸」的配置方式減低表面風壓，地下主屋則藉由半穴居地形的遮蔽效應防患風襲；雅美族六處聚落因其地理位置及地形的差異，風力效應各不相同，民居的建築形式亦受到當地微氣候的影響。蘭嶼強風地區朗島村半穴居基地的平均深度(277cm)，明顯比弱風地區紅頭村的深度(147cm)深；相對地強風地區工作房迎風面的山牆面積，則比弱風地區小。本文證明雅美族民居的防風對策，除了風場效應的利用之外，更考量及聚落風場的個別特徵，呈現出風土民居因應環境而生的建築智慧。

關鍵字

雅美族；民居；半穴居；遮蔽效應；防風對策

並列摘要

Orchid Island is a tropical island off the south-eastern coast of Taiwan where aboriginal people, the Yami, reside. Due to high speed seasonal winds and typhoons, the Yami adopt three strategies for wind resistance. First, they group the three dwellings, namely the main house, workshop and resting platform into a building complex with sea-land axis which is the prevailing wind direction. Second, they minimize the frontal area of the above-ground houses facing the strong winds, so that wind drag is greatly reduced. Third, they utilize the wind shelter effect for avoiding structural damage by building main houses at subterranean tiles. The average depth of the subterranean site is from 147cm to 277cm depending on the locally wind condition of each settlement. The strategy of wind resistance shows the vernacular wisdom of Yami people.