神靈膜拜文化衍生之群居生活文化內涵之探討

神靈膜拜衍生之宗教影響人類社會的時間比想像還要久遠，不僅可上溯到現代智人(Modern Homo Sapiens)並可上溯到23萬年前狩獵採集時代的尼安德塔人(Neanderthals)埋葬已故親人的習俗，亦即祖靈崇拜時代。之後因敬畏主宰天候的超自然力量產生對自然現象的崇拜；影響天候的因素充滿於天地之間，故有天地神、月神、河神等集體性多神膜拜宗教，及眾神之神的一神論。人是群居性動物，群居的意義在於眾多不同家庭，或不同宗族能鍵結成群，朝共同生活目標邁進以改善生活締造永世性文明。祖靈膜拜主導的社會，各家信仰不同，生活目標不同，故難於匯集成群。集體性膜拜神靈的出現，因共同的信仰，將不同家族及宗族鍵結於一個整體，才得於朝共同生活目標締造不凡的文明。換言之集體性膜拜神靈的宗教文化是驅動文明演進的關鍵。更是地域性文化崛起及全球性文明的基因；如同農業社會之前及後，歐亞等地的薩滿師具有共同的通靈、驅邪等法力之特色。故本研究從尼安德塔人的來世概念衍生的埋葬習俗，經智人(Homo sapiens)將靈魂概念化及儀式化(ritualized)為開端，依循智人往歐亞等遷徙擴展，狩獵採集時代的薩滿教(Shamanism)，擺脫忍飢挨餓的生活，半農半獵時代食物穩定的生活，進入食物足夠日常所需的社會。之後將首要貢獻者「女性」神化為地母神的宗教文化，經由定居式村莊社會的演進脈絡，從文明不因地理界線而分割之整體性觀點剖析論證，作為城市溯源的先期性研究之見證。

關鍵字

智人；尼安德塔人；祖靈崇拜；集體性膜拜；薩滿教；地母神

並列摘要

Deity-Worshiping Cultures and religion have been affecting the human society for an extremely long time, Not only can the effects of it be traced all the way back to the ancient era of the Modern Homo sapiens, they can also be seen during the time of the Hunting and Gathering Era when the Neanderthals practiced the tradition of burying their dead relatives (also called ＂The Age of Worshipping Ancestors.＂ After this era, humans evolved to collective worshipping natural phenomena in fear of and due to the respect of the supernatural power that was believed to have the ability to control the weather, which led to the notion of polytheism - a religious discipline which believes in multiple different deities including the God of the Sky& Land, the God of the Moon, and the God of the Rivers - and the notion of monotheism. Humans are gregarious animals, and the meaning of being gregarious is that people from different families and of different blood can be able to unite as a whole and work toward a common life goal together, so that the living qualities can always be improved and the human life civilization can be everlasting. People within a society where worshiping ancestors is the main core have different religions and life goals, which makes it hard for people to flock together to form a united body. People within a society where worshiping ancestors is the main core have different religions and life goals, which makes it hard for people to flock together to be linked as a whole. We have come to the conclusion that the emergence of group worshipping of deities established a common belief among people and linked different families of different blood strains and religions together as a whole, which enabled the efforts toward common life goals and the creation of an outstanding civilization. In other words, group worshipping is the key that drives forward the evolution of civilization and also the foundation of global civilization both before and after the rise of regional culture; take agricultural society with the shamans in the European and Asian areas shared the common magical features of psychism, exorcism, and etc. Accordingly, this research starts off from the Neanderthals; body-burying tradition induced by the notion of reincarnation and the ancestors of the modern humans- the Homo sapiens; further conceptualization and ritualization of the souls, and then follows through with the heir movements toward the European, Asian, and other regions as well as the Shamanism period during the Hunting and Gathering Era (during which the Homo sapiens had gotten out of the life of starvation and entered a time of half-hunting, half-farming life style with a stable food source sufficient for daily consumptions. Then, this research covers the following era during which the main contributors, the females of the society were deified as the God of Earth Mother, and follows through the evolution of the settled village-style society to thoroughly analyze and to demonstrate, from a humanitarism perspective, that human civilization does not divide over geographic locations as a factual proof for the preliminary study of establishment-tracing of contemporary urban cities.