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Risk Factors of Massive Bleeding After Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and Its Management

經皮腎臟取石手術後大量出血的危險因子及其處置

摘要


研究目的:出血是經皮腎臟取石手術後常見的併發症之一。根據本院的經驗,我們研究造成出血的危險因子並討論其處方式。 材料與方法:我們回顧自1993年7月至2001年5月,本院450人次接受經皮腎臟取石手術病患的臨床病歷。我們依據病患的年齡、性別、潛在的內科疾病,是否曾接受其他腎臟手術、手術時間、手術中的輸血量、腎水腫程度作分析並討論各項因子和出血的關係。 結果:在450人次接受經皮腎臟取石手術病患中,有12位(12/450;2.67%)發生大量出血,11位需接受動脈栓塞,另1位需接受手術探查。腎臟血管攝影診斷包括,6位產生動靜脈瘻管,3位產生動脈瘤,2位產生動靜脈瘻管合併動脈瘤,1位發生腎臟血管裂傷。11位接受動脈栓塞的病人中,其中有9位只需接受一次栓塞,另2位需接受再一次栓塞。1位病人接受手術探查,有效地將出血停止。根據我們的研究,膿尿、手術時間的延長、手術中輸血量的增加,和經皮腎臟取石手術後大量出血有統計上的相關。 結論:經由腎臟血管攝影進行動脈栓塞是處理經皮腎臟取石手術後大量出血的有效方法。根據我們的研究,病人手術前有潛在的泌尿道感染,和經皮腎臟取石手術後發生出血有關。減少手術中不必要的操作,有助於縮短手術時間,能避免手術後出血。另外,手術中輸血量的持續增加是日後發生大量出血的一種警訊。

並列摘要


OBJECTIVE: We studied the risk factors for massive bleeding after a percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNl) and propose an algorithm of management. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical chart of 450 subjects who underwent PCNL from 1993 to 2001 were recviewed. Risk factors including age, gender, concurrent medical illness, previous renal surgery, operative time, intraoperative blood transfusion, and hydronephrosis were examined for their relationsjhip to bleeding. RESULTS: Meassive bleeding occurred in 12 subjects (2.67%) among whom 11 required embolization and 1 open surgery. The angiographic diagnoses revealed an arteriovenous fistula in 6 subjects, pseudoaneurysm in 3, arteriovenous fistula combined with pseudoaneurysm in 2, and lacerated renal vessels in 1. In 11 patients who underwent embolization, 2 required another session of the procedure. The failure of embolization in 1 patient necessitated surgical flank exploration. Pyuria, prolonged operative time, and increased intraoperative blood transfusions were statistically significant factors related to massive bleeding. CONCLUSIONS: Angiograpyh with embolization is an effective modality ofr massive bleeding after PCNL. According to our study, subjects with urinary tract infection may be at greater risk for bleeding. Avoiding excessive manipulation may shorten the operative time, which is a preventive measure for hemorrhage. Increased intraoperative blood transfusions may be an early warning isgn of massive bleeding after the procedure.

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