流感之疫苗預防

Introduction of Influenza Vaccines

陳抱宇(Pao-Yu Chen) ； 盛望徽(Wang-Huei Sheng)

《內科學誌》 31卷1期 (2020/02) Pp. 7-10

https://doi.org/10.6314/JIMT.202002_31(1).03

摘要

流行性感冒簡稱流感（influenza），造成國人健康威脅與醫療資源重擔，是重要之傳染疾病。預防勝於治療是對抗各式感染症不變的法則，面對每年冬季流感肆虐的預防之道包含接種流感疫苗、個人衛生、暴露後預防投藥及感染管制措施等。本文除簡述流感疫苗製備流程，依照目前研究證據討流感疫苗的有效性，也會針對特殊族群，如：老人、孕婦及癌症治療患者，探討施打流感疫苗的必要性，並且分析影響疫苗保護力的三面向：病毒、疫苗及宿主因素。依上述文獻回顧可知，流感疫苗雖無法達到百分之百的保護力，但依現有的證據仍顯示流感疫苗為現今重要防治流感減少併發症的手段。

關鍵字

流感病毒（Influenza virus） ； 疫苗保護力（Vaccine effectiveness） ； 群體免疫（Herd immunity）

並列摘要

Influenza infection is a threat to human health and cause a huge healthcare burden every year. Annual influenza vaccination is the primary strategy for the prevention and control of influenza, but the influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) varies from year to year. The potential etiologies include not only the match between the vaccine and circulating viruses but also manufacturing technologies in vaccine production. Besides, the host immunity is also an important factor to determine VE. Generally, influenza VE in older adults is less than that in young/ middle-aged adults or children. But influenza vaccination can reduce the severity of illness in all age groups of people who get vaccinated but still get sick. Meanwhile, influenza vaccination can prevent people with chronic health conditions from complicated disease courses when they get sick. Based on current evidence, the United States Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices during the 2019-2020 season also recommend cancer patients to receive annual inactivated influenza vaccination, even those receiving immune checkpoint inhibitors. Additionally, the inactivated influenza vaccines are generally well tolerated with minor adverse events. Collectively, annual influenza vaccination is necessary for all individuals six months of age and older.