西方論述下基本教義的初探－以伊斯蘭基本教義運動為例

本文以西方學界的觀點探討世界各大宗教的基本教義派之宗旨、主張和活動，特重伊斯蘭基本教義近期演變的狀況，並兼述它與恐怖主義暴力活動之關係。全文首先指出基本教義名稱之由來和涵義、兼述「軸心的時代」各大宗教產生之背景，前人生活之道依賴迷索思（迷思）與邏格斯（邏輯）之交互為用，來說明現代社會兩極化所帶來第三世界人民的災難與痛苦。繼而指出現代基本教義產生自世俗化、後殖民主義、共產主義運動的失敗和全球化的因由，以及基本教義特徵：包括政教不分離、基本價值與原宗旨之固守、對現代性與現代化之排斥，以及好戰暴力之崇尚。在討論世界各大宗教的基本教義產生之因由和特質之後，本文聚焦於伊斯蘭基本教義的理論剖析，其中牽涉宗教與世俗化之關係，包括伊斯蘭對世俗化的免疫能力、反對西方啟蒙運動的侵襲和抵擋理性主義的擴散。其中涉及近世伊斯蘭三波（改良、世俗化與激烈反西方）的復興運動。最終本文檢討派本教義未來發展的可能情節：其一視基本教義為不適應現代化的病徵，因而可能遭受歷史的淘汰；其二、認為基本教義契合後現代主義對科技、經濟、政治之挑戰。當前的世界穿越國界的權力集團逐漸浮現，宗教將提供各個權力集團明顯的政治與文化認同。在此意義下，森本教義不再是文明的負面，而為改變人類命運之利器。在結論上，作者強調東西方世界宗教與文明的衝突，種因於兩元思考、兩元論述之偏頗，寄望由於本文之拋磚，而達成跳脫偏見，建立公正觀點之引玉效果。

關鍵字

基本教義；迷索思；邏格斯；世俗化；去世俗化；全球化；政教分離；現代化；後現代；瓦哈卜主義；恐怖主義；反恐戰爭

並列摘要

This essay consists of six parts. Firstly, it deals with the concept and implications of fundamentalism that was closely tied with peculiar cognitive way of ancient human beings, namely mythos in contrast to logos. Part Ⅱ discusses the historical background and factors facilitating the emergence of various types of fundamentalism of several world religions during last century, including secularization, post-colonialism, the decline of world communist movement and globalization. In Part Ⅲ, the author elaborates on four components of modern fundamentalism: the merger of religion with politics, commitment to fundamental or basic religious ideas and values, anti-modernism and religious fanaticism as well as militancy. Having discussed the general features and historical development of the radical sects of several world religions, the theoretical framework of Islamic fundamentalism is explicated as it becomes entangled with anti-Westernization and anti-modernism. Thus, in the Section Ⅳ, the rise and evolution of Islamic religion and politics are not only briefly presented, it also traces the three waves of Islamic reform movement to its modern leader Wahhab Muhammad ibn Abdal in the 18th century. Part Ⅴ treats the present-day activities of fundamentalists and their involvement with terrorism. The author puts two scenarios in perspective: one looks upon fundamentalism as maladjustment to modernity and would finally disappear from the scene in the 21st century. Another scenario throws a new light on the complementary function of fundamentalism to the ideas of post-modernism. Thus, it gives fundamentalism somewhat positive evaluation. In conclusion, the writer hopes to find a middle way in order to sketch a fair and objective picture of fundamentalism and to avoid the pitfalls of one-sided presentation of fundamentalism by most Western scholars.

並列關鍵字

Fundamentalism ； mythos ； logos ； secularization ； de-secularization ； modernity ； anti-modernity ； post-modernism ； globalization ； separation of politics from religion ； Wahhabism ； terrorism ； and anti-terrorism