從落實環境權初探南韓綠色能源減碳政策之發展：以李明博執政時期為例

南韓於1980年正式將「環境權」納入憲法的公民基本權利範圍之中，從南韓憲法第35條的諸多內容中，可清楚觀察其明白將環境保護及「環境權」列入憲法條文之中，如：第35條第1款內容「全體公民皆享有健康舒適的環境之權，國家跟公民皆應盡力保護環境。」第2款內容「環境權的本質乃受到法律的確定。」從第1款內容中，可看出其保障公民享有重要的「優適環境之權」，此乃列屬公民及政府共同的責任。在第2款內容中，更是明白提及「環境權」及其受到法律所確認之事實。據報導，南韓國會2012年以壓倒性票數（148比0票）通過《碳排放立易法》，預計將於2015年開始實施。據觀察，韓國國會此次差異懸殊的勝利，展現國家朝向「低碳經濟」路線發展的決心。該法規範的管制對象將涵蓋國內六成的單位及企業體，主要設定以大宗碳排放量的對象為主。目的希望能從部分管制對象著手，致使企業體能更關注此項立法及背後的環境意義。南韓的《碳排放交易法》使其成為亞太第三個通過全國性碳排放交易法之國。本文欲將南韓視為主要研究對象，研究範圍則自李明博總統執政時期（2008年至2013年）為例，試圖就落實環境權的概念探究南韓綠色能源減碳政策之發展。藉此檢視台灣現有法條之不足與推動環境保護議題的迫切與重要性。

關鍵字

環境權；綠色能源減碳政策；碳排放交易法；李明博總統

並列摘要

South Korea added the concept of ＂environmental right＂ to its constitution in 1980, officially making it a basic civil right. The right is embodied in Art. 35, which includes all provisions related to the environment and housing affairs. Art. 35.1 states that ＂all citizens have the right to a healthy and pleasant environment. The State and all citizens shall endeavor to protect the environment.＂ Art. 35.2 states that ＂the substance of the environmental right is determined by law.＂ From the contents of Art. 35.1, we clearly see the importance attached to protecting citizens' rights to a healthy and comfortable environment and the assumption that protecting these rights is the common responsibility of citizens and government. Art. 35.2 goes so far as to imply that the fact of an ＂environmental right＂ is determined by law. South Korea's congress passed the Carbon Emission Trading Law by a 148-0 vote and the law took effect in 2015. Passage of this law by an overwhelming majority showed the country's determination to develop toward a ＂Low-Carbon Economy (LCE).＂ The regulated targets of this law would cover nearly 60% of units and industries domestically, especially those larger greenhouse gas emitters. The law aims to start with partial major targets to raise the significance behind it to emitters. Carbon Emission Trading Law also made South Korea the third Asia-Pacific country to pass a nationwide carbon emission trading law. This article examines South Korean environmental policy under the Lee Myung-Bak Administration (2008-2013). By analyzing changes in South Korean environmental policy from the perspective of environmental right in the constitution, the paper illuminates defects in the current environment-related law and emphasizes the importance of promoting environmental protection issues.