人口遷徙、性別結構及其社會文化變遷：從僑鄉到戰地的金門

19至20世紀的金門歷經劇烈的歷史變遷，其中一個關鍵因素是人口遷徙。1840年代以後，大量青壯人口出洋謀生，其中東南亞各埠、日本長崎及神戶為主要的僑居地。人口的跨境流動對地方社會產生幾個層面的影響：一是部分累積財富的華僑除了贍養家眷外，亦挾其資本返鄉建屋以光耀門楣，且參與地方事務以貢獻桑梓；二是出洋人口多為男性，僑鄉社會性別比例不均，婦女「母代父職、妻代夫職」，角色吃重。1949年以後，金門成為兩岸熱戰、國際冷戰的軍事前線，大量軍隊進駐金門的結果：一是軍人消費經濟的興起，一改前期仰賴僑匯的支助；二是性別結構完全翻轉，成為一個以男性為主的封閉社會。本文在地方史料與田野調查的基礎上，以19世紀中葉至20世紀後期的金門為例，探究因人口流動所衍生之社會文化變遷。首先，分析在1840年代至1949年間金門做為僑鄉的歷史情境，包括男性人口外流、華僑商紳階層的興起、僑匯網絡的建立、僑鄉婦女的處境等。再者，探討1949-1992年間金門做為兩岸對峙、世界冷戰的前線，戰地體制如何維持有效性、海外華僑網絡如何賡續、華僑如何代替地方社會發聲的史實，以及男性軍人移入所造成的性別結構不均所衍生的社會危機與對策等。最後進一步指出，20世紀的金門從人口流出、外來僑匯、開放流動的僑鄉變成人口流入、內需產業、封閉禁錮的戰地，其實是歷經了一種關乎人口遷徙、性別的社會文化變遷。

關鍵字

華僑；移民；冷戰；性別研究

並列摘要

Quemoy (Kinmen) is an island close to Quanzhou (Zaitun) and Xiamen (Amoy) port. A large of number of its residents immigrated to Southeast Asia as well as Nagasaki and Kobe in Japan in search of a living after the 1860s. After they eventually accumulated wealth, these transnational overseas Chinese brought their capital back to Quemoy to participate in family, clan or public affairs. In addition, the gender proportion of the population of Quemoy became unbalanced, so women played a major role in local society. After 1949, Quemoy became a battlefront between the KMT and the CCP, as well as the frontline in the confrontation between Cold War blocs. Under military administration, the power of traditional lineages was suppressed and their connections with their fellow countrymen living abroad were severed. For forty-three long years, until 1992, Quemoy was transformed from an open hometown of overseas Chinese into a closed battlefield and forbidden zone.This paper tries to discuss the relationship between social-cultural change and population flow in the modern history of Quemoy. First, I will analyze the historical situation in the society there, including emigration of its young men, the rise of an overseas merchant-gentry class, economics of remittance and its cultural landscape, women's life histories etc. Secondly, I deal with the social reality of Quemoy as a battlefield, including immigration of soldiers, the impact of military governance, the influence of soldiers' consumption, and the social crisis due to the gender imbalance and the military authority's response. Finally, I will generalize from two different social-cultural changes for population flow and gender politics in modern Quemoy.