與父母同住的兒「女」們：與父母同住的成年女性的照顧協力分析

臺灣高齡者的居住安排，歷年調查皆顯示與子女同住的比例均在六成以上，但相關調查多未特意區分同住子女的性別差異。當高齡長者失能需不同程度照顧時，子代的性別是否會造成角色扮演的差異？本文運用臺灣地區2010年人口及住宅普查資料，檢視973,138個高齡親子同住家戶，分析2,636,442名成年子女之性別、婚姻狀態、工作狀態及父母失能狀態與戶內照顧需求等因子，探討女兒在家戶中可能扮演的照顧角色，並進一步訪問南部地區11位與父母同住的成年女性，自婚姻狀況、父母健康狀態、手足關係等面向，呈現與父母同住之成年女兒的多元樣貌。研究發現如下：一、父母須照護時，約二成會與兒子同住，約一成二與女兒同住，六成八則是與兒子女兒共同居住，且女兒較可能成為主要的照顧者；二、臺灣高齡者依舊偏好與已婚兒子同住，但多名子女同住的高齡家庭中，女兒較兒子更可能擔負照顧工作；三、孝道實踐及代間資源交換為成年女兒與父母同住的主因；四、已婚女兒因娘家的資源優勢而能與父母同住；未婚或喪偶的女兒在沒有夫家壓力的狀況下，乃家族裡履行照顧責任的最佳人選。

關鍵字

長期照顧；照顧者女性化；人口普查；代間移轉

並列摘要

Senior citizens who live with their children have accounted for more than 60% of Taiwan's elderly population over the years, but within the scope of this living arrangement, the differences between living with sons and living with daughters have yet to be elucidated. The respective roles played by sons and daughters in tending to disabled senior citizens in need of varying levels of care remain uncertain. This paper drew on data from the 2010 Population and Housing Census in Taiwan to probe 2,636,442 adult children of 973,138 older parent-child households. The potential role of daughters as caregivers in the household was explored by analyzing factors such as the gender, marital status, and employment status of the children; the status of parental disability; and intra-household needs for care. From the aspects of marital status, parental health status, and sibling relationship, interviews were also conducted with 11 female adults living with their parents in southern Taiwan to represent the diversity of adult daughters living with their parents in the paternal culture. The results revealed that (1) when elderly parents need help, about 20% live with their sons and 12% live with their daughters, but 68% live with both sons and daughters, and the daughter was more likely to become the primary caregiver. (2) Daughters were more likely than sons to assume caregiving duties in older-parent families living with multiple children. (3) The major motivations for adult daughters to live with their parents were the fulfillment of filial obligations and intergenerational exchange of resources; and (4) married daughters' ability to live with their parents might be explained by the resource advantages of their families of origin, whereas unmarried or widowed daughters, free from in-law pressure, were the ideal candidates to assume caregiving duties in the household.

並列關鍵字

long-term care ； feminization of caregivers ； population census ； intergenerational transfer

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