從憲政結構與功能觀點論德國巴伐利亞邦（Bayern）之多層級治理

Study on the Multi-Level Governance of Bayern in Germany from the Point of View "Constitutional Political Structure and Function"

葉陽明(Young-Ming Yeh)

《中國行政評論》 18卷2期 (2011/06) Pp. 1-56

https://doi.org/10.6635/cpar.2011.18(2).01

摘要

本文主旨在於從憲政結構與功能觀點研究德國巴伐利亞邦的多層級治理。全德16個邦中，定位於「自由邦」的「巴伐利亞」（Freistaat Bayern；簡稱：巴邦）面積最大，人口次眾，經濟力次強、失業率次低。該邦自1962年末以來由保守右派的「基督教社會聯盟」（簡稱：基社聯盟CSU）一黨絕對多數執政，直到2008年9月政局因該黨在邦議會選舉中失去此一優勢而起變動為止。巴邦由單一政黨多數政府長期治理的局面為其他各邦所罕見。以巴邦民主治理為實例來探究德國地區及地方民主治理，實可彰顯出現代德國國家發展中地區與地方治理的本色。巴邦以四個層級民主治理模式為其地區治理的特色；其中邦層級以下的行政區、縣及非縣轄市及鄉鎮取得高、中、基層自治體的法人定位。四個治理層級間既有上下監督、又有相互合作及彼此支援的緊密關係。對於21世紀啟動的德國「柏林共和」（die Berliner Republik）地方治理之成長及鞏固而論，巴伐利亞邦的民主治理作出良多的貢獻。

關鍵字

巴伐利亞邦 ； 邦憲政 ； 邦治理 ； 行政區治理 ； 縣與非縣轄市治理 ； 鄉鎮治理

並列摘要

The main interest of this paper lies in academic study on the multi-level governance of ”Bundesland Bayern” in the Federal Republic of Germany from the point of view ”constitutional political structure and function”. Bayern which has understood self for long time as the so called ”Free State”, belongs to the largest Land with stronger economic potential and lower percentage of unemployment among all 16 Bundesländer in the Federal Republic. In the period between the end of 1962 and September 2008, Bayern had been governed by the conservative party ”Christian Social Union” (CSU) with absolute majority in the parliament of this land.It is rare to see this kind of constellation. The democratic governance of Bayern as a case study makes the characteristic of regional and local governance in the national development of modern Germany evident and transparent. The most important characteristic in the democratic governance of Bayern can be found in the ”model of four level governance”, namely: governance on Land-level, governance on administrative region-level, governance on county and city-level, governance on commune-level. There are more and more closer interactions between the governances on this four level. The democratic governance of Bayern has doubtless contributed significantly to the growth and consolidation of regional governance in the ”Berlin Republic”, which starts in the beginning of 21th century.

並列關鍵字

Bundesland Bayern ； Constitutional political arrangement of Bayern ； Land-level governance ； Region-level governance ； County and city level governance ； Commune-level governance