Living an American Lifestyle in 18th Century Philadelphia-Robert Morris, Prosperous Merchant and Family Man

從富商羅伯．莫瑞斯的事業與家庭看十八世紀美國費城上層社會的生活方式

尚克允(Marko Junkkarinen) ； 俞彥娟

《歐美研究》 35卷3期 (2005/09) Pp. 459-499

摘要

Robert Morris (1734-1806), an English-born merchant and later one of the American Founding Fathers, has not attracted the attention of national icons like Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, or Alexander Hamilton. There are obvious reasons for his comparative obscurity. Morris was not a charismatic speaker; he did not write influential books or pamphlets and did not actively take part in military campaigns. He was, however, one of the most powerful political leaders during the Revolutionary period. His undertakings in the political sphere have been fairly well studied but his personal life, including his lifestyle has not yet been adequately examined by scholars of American history. In this paper, it is my intention to shed light on the daily existence of Philadelphia's wealthy merchant community by closely scrutinizing Robert Morris's life and character. My purpose is not to generalize too much based on analysis on Robert Morris, but to use him as a case in point to reveal some aspects of the life of upper class in 18th century Philadelphia.

關鍵字

Robert Morris ； American lifestyle ； Philadelphia

並列摘要

羅伯．莫瑞斯（Robert Morris, 1734-1806）是一個成功的商人，生於英國，後來成為美國建國者之一。但是，他並未受到太多的注意，像其他建國者如富蘭克林、傑佛遜或是漢彌頓般成為國家偶像。顯而易見的原因是，莫瑞斯既不是具有英雄特質的演說家，沒有寫過重要的書或小冊子，亦沒有在軍事戰役中扮演重要角色。不過，莫瑞斯確實是美國建國革命時期的重要政治領袖之一。有關莫瑞斯在政治領域的活動已有相當多的研究，但是，他的個人生活，包括他的生活方式，還沒有美國史家研究過。本論文試圖透過對莫瑞斯的生活和個性的分析，來瞭解美國費城（Philadelphia）富商社群的生活方式。我並非要過度推廣莫瑞斯的個案，而是希望從對他的研究一窺十八世紀費城上層社會生活的某些面向。

並列關鍵字

羅伯．莫瑞斯 ； 美國生活方式 ； 費城

參考文獻

Several archival sources relating to Robert Morris. See endnotes and abbreviations for further notice.

Appadurai, A.(1986).The social life of things: Commodities in cultural perspective.New York:Cambridge University Press.

Arbuckle, R. D.(1975).Pennsylvania speculator and patriot: The entrepreneurial John Nicholson 1757-1800.University Park, PA:

Arnold, D. M.(1989).(A republican revolution: Ideology and politics in Pennsylvania 1776-1790).

Behrendt, S. D.(2001).Markets, transaction cycles, and profits: Merchant decision making in the slave trade.William and Mary Quarterly.(William and Mary Quarterly).