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Efflux Mechanisms of Resistance to Cadmium, Arsenic and Antimony in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes

原核細胞與真核細胞之利用排出毒性物質方式之抗鎘、砷、銻機理之探討

摘要


對有毒金屬的抗性,普遍在原核細胞中被發現,不但存在革蘭氏陽性菌株,也在革蘭氏陰性菌株中被發現。同時各種的真核細胞,譬如黴菌、或是植物細胞,以至於原蟲類生物及動物細胞等,也常可發現此種的抗性存在。在原核細胞與真核細胞,此類有毒金屬的抗性,經常是藉由細胞主動的將有毒金屬排除體外所達成的。雖然,這些抗有毒金屬系統的受質,具有不同的化學屬性。但是,細胞卻可發展出不同進化來源,但具相似性質的運送有毒金屬,或是類金屬的ATP酵素,而將毒性物質排出。在這些將有毒金屬排除體外,來達成抗有毒金屬,或是類金屬的機理中。細菌對鎘的抗性系統,是經由一種具ATP酵素特性的初級膜轉運蛋白所執行的。然而,真核細胞則發展出利用與硫基結合的方式,而將鋪排除的抗性系統。不同於誦的抗性系統,在細菌對砷、及銻的抗性方面,則是利用具有使用ATP能力的唧筒,與具催化能力的次蛋白單元連結,所形成的一種抗性系統來執行的。而真核細胞也進化出需要ATP的特殊的砷硫基抗性唧筒,以達成排除這些有毒物質的特性。在本文中,茲就原核細胞與真核細胞的鎘、砷、及銻的一些抗性系統,在其生化機理方面做一比較與探討。

關鍵字

抗性

並列摘要


Resistance to toxic metals is ubiquitously found in prokaryotes, both gram positive and gram negative, and in all types of eukaryotes, including fungi, plants, protozoans, and animals. In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, toxic metals are extruded from cells through efflux transport systems to confer this resistance. Although the chemical substrates recognized by each transport system vary considerably, many heavy metal and metalloid translocating ATPases have been identified by evolutionarily unrelated pumps that have evolved the same function. Among these efflux mechanisms of resistance to heavy metals and metalloids, bacterial cadmium resistance is mediated by a primary transporter while the thiol-linked efflux systems have developed for cadmium resistance in eukaryotes. In contrast, bacterial resistance to arsenicals and antimonials is mediated by a primary ATP-coupled pump in association with a catalytic subunit, whereas an ATP-coupled As-thiol pump has evolved to confer the resistance in eukaryotic systems. The biochemical aspects of the efflux mechanisms related to cadmium, arsenic, and antimony resistance in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are discussed in detail in the present review.

並列關鍵字

Efflux Resistance Cadmium Arsenic Antimony

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