什麽是“民主”？什麽是“公共”？－杜威對自由主義的批判與重建

杜威對於自由主義的批判與重建是一激進的文化革命計盡，指向人格、文化、與社會的重新構造。這個計盡首先批判西方旁觀者哲學傳統中的知行二元對立和對行的貶低。旁觀者哲學傳統在政治上的符映就是放任自由主義的「公」(即「國家」)「私」（即「市民社會」）領域的機械二分。杜威對這個知識、倫理、與政治的旁觀者傳統批判的另一面是實驗經驗主義的知識、倫理、和政治觀的建立。杜威認爲實驗經驗主義所概念化的科學應當被解放到一般人的社會生活中，形成多元的、創造的、具智能的公衆，並以其爲民主社會的真正體現。在此，智慧、自由、與個體性等自由主義的核心概念都將不再只扣押在形式和法制主義下，反而是社會與個人成長的具現。

關鍵字

杜威；民主；公衆/公共；智能；個體性；自由；自由主義；科學；不確定性；實驗的經驗主義；知識的旁觀者理論

並列摘要

Aiming at the reconstitution of personality, culture, and society, Dewey's project of critique and reconstruction of liberalism is no less than a cultural revolution. Dewey's project starts with the critique of the dualistic opposition between knowing and doing and the abasement of the latter in the Western spectator tradition of philsosphy. The political correspondence of this spectator theory of knowledge is a spectator theory of politics which arbitrarily divides empirical worlds into ”the Public” and ”the Private” and subsumes the former under the State. The other side of Dewey's critique of spectator theory is his reconstruction of science as experimental empiricism. Dewey believes that core to the modern malaise is the enslavement of science to the realm of material production, and that a radical democratic project ought to engage first in the emancipation of science from this pecuniary realm and to transform it into part and parcel of the social intelligence that ordinary people can act upon in daily life. Intelligently dealing with their own problems, publics (instead of the Public) can thus regain the realm of the political. Stripped off their formalistic strictures placed upon by the old liberalism, liberty and individuality become true empirical expressions of democratic life.

並列關鍵字

Dewey ； democracy ； public ； intelligence ； individuality ； liberty ； liberalism ； science ； uncertainty ； experimental empiricism ； spectator theory of knowledge

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什麽是“民主”？什麽是“公共”？－杜威對自由主義的批判與重建

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