近現代東亞思想史與「武士道」：傳統的發明與越境

說到日本，相信許多人都會想到「武士道」。然而，何謂「武士道」？這是個看似簡單卻難以回答的問題。不管如何，不可否認地，「武士道」可謂是一種被創造的傳統。而且，「武士道」會越境到日本的鄰國與其殖民地，與該地的政治思想論述發生關係，促使中國與台灣、韓國等地知識人去發現屬於他們的傳統的「武士道」。故本文之主要目的如下：（1）說明「近代以前的武士道」與「近代武士道」的差異性與連續性。（2）整理近代日本武士道被發明的思想史過程，以及各種武士道論與近代日本政治思想的關連。（3）探討近代日本發明的「武士道」如何越境到近代中國引發梁啟超等人對「武士道」的關注與其如何打造中國的「武士道」等問題。（4）研討現代台灣的前總統李登輝如何透過對新渡戶稻造的武士道論的解釋，建構屬於台灣人的武士道論、民族精神論等問題。最後，本文將在東亞的視野中，經由對以上的武士道論的討論去思考被發明且越境成功的「武士道」論述與日本、中國、台灣間之國族建構的相關性、衝突性、複雜性，並企圖批判性地理解「武士道」等近代日本的歷史敘事對近現代東亞的影響。

關鍵字

武士道；東亞；發明；越境；梁啟超；李登輝

並列摘要

What is 'bushidō'? This is a hard question to answer. We could say it is an ”invented tradition” of modern Japanese history, which crossed the border to China and Taiwan etc, inspiring intellectuals to forge their own 'bushidō' traditions. In this paper, I discussed three following questions. First, I tried to clarify the events and conditions that led to the creation of ”bushidō” in modern Japan and examine some major works of bushidō in the context of modern Japanese political thought. Second, I analyzed how Liang Qi-chao related ”bushidō” to Chinese history to invent a Chinese version of 'bushidō'. Third, I discussed how the former Taiwan president Lee Teng-hui reconstructed the 'bushidō' of Taiwan by reinterpreting Bushidō: The Soul of Japan, An Exposition of Japan Thought by Nitobe Inazō. In doing so, this paper explained the complexities and contradictions in the creation of 'bushidō' in Japan and its border transgressions into China and Taiwan in order to shed a new light on the complexity of East Asian history.