中日人民友好的悖論－以1980年代中國的「日流」為焦點

The Paradox of Sino-Japanese People’s Solidarity-Focusing on China’s Japanese Wave during the 1980s

任佑卿(Wookyung IM)

《台灣社會研究季刊》 103期 (2016/06) Pp. 85-112

摘要

本文以日本電影《望鄉》和《追捕》在中國的接受過程為中心，分析了在冷戰時期的亞洲，作為後冷戰契機的文化流動之所以可行的歷史脈絡及其影響。新中國通過標榜區別對待日本政府和日本人民的所謂人民外交政策，而於冷戰時代亦能持續推進中日兩國的民間交流。為紀念1978年《中日和平友好條約》的締結而在中國舉辦的日本電影周，即是兩國人民睦鄰友好策略結出的果實之一。得益於人民外交，因殖民／帝國主義戰爭和冷戰而造成的敵對心被冷凍，中國觀眾幾乎沒有多大抗拒地接受了日本電影，其中的《望鄉》和《追捕》甚至成為象徵1980年代中國社會的文化標示而被狂熱地消費。可以說，因《望鄉》的色情性而發生的一系列事件和知識界對性描寫的爭議，是在通過主張對性的個人佔有權而與國家悄然對峙；而在日常生活中通過模仿廣為流行的《追捕》主人公來顛覆既有的社會主義性別規範，從而重構新的女性和男性範疇的行為，也與國家形成了潛在的張力。通過性和性別而迂迴表達的與國家的對峙，此後發展為對社會主義體制的批評。所以，在與冷戰時代相行相隨的意義上，這不僅產生出新的冷戰思維，也與提出重新審視戰爭賠償等歷史責任問題的激烈的民族主義纏繞交織。此種超越國民國家而取得成效的民間睦鄰友好，在其成功的同時卻最終陷入否定自身邏輯的悖論。《望鄉》和《追捕》的接受過程不僅暴露了中國政府的人民外交政策自身內含的國家與人民之間的代表不／可能性問題，以及冷戰邏輯和公民國家論理之間的矛盾，還促使人們去思考在亞洲因兩者交叉而生的錯綜複雜的「後／冷戰」局面。

關鍵字

中日人民友好 ； 冷戰 ； 性／別 ； 文化流動 ； 《望鄉》 ； 《追捕》

並列摘要

This essay examines China’s reception of Japanese films Sandakan No. 8 and Arrest in order to analyze the historical context which enabled Asia’s cultural communication during the Cold War era. The New China pursued a people’s diplomacy policy that separated the Japanese government from the Japanese people in order to promote relationships between the two countries. Japanese Movie Week, which was held to celebrate the Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and the People's Republic of China signed in 1978, was an outcome made possible through the People’s Solidarity between the two countries. Despite Japan’s colonial and imperialist war and the animosity created by the Cold War, the Chinese audience accepted Japanese movies without any resistance because of the people’s diplomacy policy. Sandakan No. 8 and Arrest were fervently consumed as cultural icons that symbolized the Chinese society in the 1980s. However, the controversies over the profanity and sexual descriptions in Sandakan No. 8 led individuals to assert their own sexuality. The popular imitation of the main characters of Arrest in the daily lives of the Chinese overthrew the existing socialist gender norms and reconstructed a new femininity and masculinity that acted as a fight against the state. This fight was indirectly expressed through sexuality and gender but later developed into a criticique of the socialist regime, forming another Cold War logic that was different from that of the Cold War. It was also transformed into a fervent nationalism that returned to such issues as Japan’s historical responsibility and war reparations. The success of the People’s Solidarity seemed to have transcended nation-states but ultimately led people to negate its own logic. In this regard, the reception of Sandakan No. 8 and Arrest revealed the impossibility of the state in accurately representing the people and the contradiction between the state and the people under the Cold War logic. The essay also urges a contemplation of the complex structures of the Cold War and the post-Cold War that were created by their entangling forces in Asia.

並列關鍵字

Sino-Japanese people’s solidarity ； Cold War ； sexuality ； cultural mobility ； Sandakan No.8 ； Arrest

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