- 期刊
Phellinus noxius引起果樹及觀賞植物褐根病之調查
Survey of brown root disease of fruit and ornamental trees caused by Phellinus noxius in Taiwan
摘要
自1988年至1998年，調查台灣地區由Phellinus noxius引起之果樹及木本園藝作物褐根病，共計發現天然寄主43種( species )，包括果樹9種(龍眼、荔枝、桃、梅、櫻、梨、枇杷、番荔枝(釋迦)、山刺番荔枝、柿子、楊桃、葡萄、蓮霧、蘋婆、掌葉蘋婆、馬拉巴栗、波羅蜜、破布子、愛玉子) 及木本觀賞植物24種(月橘、朱槿、金露花、含笑花、櫸木、羊蹄甲、洋紫荊、艷紫荊、阿勃勒、大花紫薇、美人樹、臘腸樹、瓊崖海棠、樟樹、木麻黃、欖仁、垂榕、茄冬、桉樹、銀樺、菩提樹、白千層、大王椰子及一種引進之豆科植物)。本病害主要分布於台灣中部、南部及東部地區，海拔1000公尺以下之山坡地及平原；但北部地區亦偶可發現。Phellinus noxius危害植物根系，引起根系腐朽，造成植株生長衰弱(慢性立枯) 或急速枯萎死亡(急性立枯)。病徵之共同特徵為罹病根系上覆有褐色菌體，老化病組織內部可見黑褐色網紋狀菌絲束，組織最後完全白化腐朽(white rot)。在潮濕之環境下，罹病樹幹之基部偶爾會長出不規則、扁平覆瓦狀褐色子實體，反轉朝外。病原菌在木屑太空包上亦會形成子實體。病原菌在PDA上之菌落最初為白色，而後轉為褐色，並有暗褐色線紋或薄殼狀菌絲。褐根病菌在培養基與病組織上沒有扣子體(clamp connection) 產生，但形成節生孢子( arthrospore )與毛狀菌絲( trichocyst )。病菌菌絲在馬鈴薯葡萄糖培養基(PDA) 之生長溫度範圍為10 ~ 12℃至35 ~37℃，最適溫度為24 ~ 32℃；該菌喜好酸性，在酸鹼值pH 7.0以上及pH 4.0以下之馬鈴薯葡萄糖培養液(PD broth) 中不易生長。在本試驗發現之43種褐根病寄主中，15種為在台灣第一次被正式報導，包括櫻花、桃、蘋婆、掌葉蘋婆、蠟腸樹、山刺番荔枝、波羅蜜、欖仁、艷紫荊、大花紫薇、美人樹、含笑花、銀樺、大王椰子、及一種豆科植物。
並列摘要
Brown root disease of fruit and ornamental trees caused by Phellinus noxius was surveyed from 1988 to 1998. A total of 43 species of woody plants were found to be naturally infected by the pathogen. Hosts included 19 fruit trees (longan, litchi, sugar apple, mountain sour sop, plumum, pear, peach, Taiwan cherry, loquat, persimmon, carambola, wax apple, grape, ping-pong, Indian Almond malabar chestnut, jack fruit and jellyfig) and 24 ornamental plants (flower trees: orchid- tree, butterfly-tree, golden-shower, Duranta repens, hibiscus, banana shrub, queen's crape myrtle, Floss silk tree, orange jasmine. Foliage tree: sausage tree Calophyllum inophyllum, autumn maple tree, camphor tree, eucalyptus, botree, small-leaved banyan, iron-wood tree, tropical almond, zelkovat, G revillea robusta, cuban royal palm, and one unknown species in Leguminosae). The disease was mainly distributed in the central, southern and eastern Taiwan where sea levels below 1000 meters. However, brown root disease was still occasionally found both in the northern Taiwan and in the high mountain where sea levels above 1000 meters. In the fields, disease symptoms were leaf discoloration, unthrifty appearance and eventual death within 2-3 years (slow decline) or sudden wilt and death within 2-3 month (quick decline). Infected root bark appeared brown and rough because of being covered with a layer of soil particle and pathogen mycelia. Meanwhile, a conspicuous network of brown lines permeated on the decomposed infected-woody tissues. Fruiting bodies were rarely found in the field. However, the fungus produced fruiting bodies artificially on a sawdust medium. The fungal colony on PDA was whitish during the early stage and turned brown with irregular dark brown zone lines or patches permeated the culture. The fungus does not have clamp-connection, but produce arthospores and form trichocysts both on PDA and the infected diseased tissues. Mycelial growth of test isolates of P. noxius o n PDA ranged from 10-12 to 35-37℃ with the optimum temperatures of 24-32℃. Meanwhile, mycelial grew well in PD broth under pH 4.5-6.5 whereas did not grow or grew poor at pH above 7.0 and below 4.0.