Impact of Plant Disease Biocontrol and Allelopathy on Biodiversity and Agricultural Sustainability

植物病害生物防治與生物相生相剋作用對生物多樣性與農業永續性的影響

黃鴻章(Hung-Chang Huang) ； 周昌弘(Chang-Hung Chou)

《植物病理學會刊》 14卷1期 (2005/03) Pp. 1-12

https://doi.org/10.6649/PPB.200503_14(1).0001

摘要

在農業生態環境裡的所有微生物如真菌、細菌、病毒和線蟲等，有些是對植物有害，而其他大部分都對植物生長無害或有益的。植物病害防治是每一作物生產過程不可或缺的手段。自從第二次世界大戰以後，很多新的化學合成農藥相繼開發成功並普遍應用於防治植物病、蟲、雜草等。其後陸續發現有些化學合成農藥不但能夠殺死病原菌、害蟲或雜草，而且還會連帶傷害到其他無害或有益的微生物。這種「一藥治百病」的病害防治方法對農業生態與生物多樣性會造成不良的影響，且與現今注重農業永續經營的理念不符。因此過去很多具有強殺傷力的化學農藥，現在都已禁止使用。近年來很多研究報告指出用生物防治，生物相生相剋作用以及土壤有機添加物等方法或許可以替代化學農藥以防治植物毒害。但是這些研究報告，很多只是注重於用生物防治菌或生物相生相剋物質來防治病害，而沒有進一步去探討該生防菌或化學物質對農業生態的影響。發展一種良好的生物防治菌或生物相生相剋物質，不但要注重該生防菌或化學物質對病害防治效果，而且也要研究這些防治策略對生物多樣性與農業永續性的影響。

關鍵字

生態良性指數 ； 生物多樣性 ； 生物防治 ； 生物相生相剋作用 ； 土壤有機添加物 ； 土傳病原菌 ； 風險評估 ； 永續農業

並列摘要

Microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes are integral parts of agroecosystems. Some of them are harmful plant pathogens, whereas others are neutral or beneficial in their effects on plant growth. Control of disease-causing organisms is an essential component in every crop production system. Since World War II, numerous synthetic pesticides have been developed and used for control of crop pests. Many of the chemical pesticides killed not only the target species of pests but also other non-harmful or beneficial organisms. The 'one chemical kills all' approach for management of plant diseases is detrimental to the microbial biodiversity in agroecosystems, and is therefore no longer acceptable in modern agriculture which emphasizes the importance of using sustainable technologies for food production. Numerous reports suggest that control strategies such as biocontrol, allelopathy and organic soil amendment can be developed and used as viable alternatives to chemical control. However, most of these reports focus only on the control of target pathogens by biocontrol agent(s) or allelopathic substances without further investigations of their impacts on the agroecosystem and the environment. The potential of using biocontrol and allelopathy for the management of plant diseases must be determined not only by effective control of target pathogen(s) but also by their effectiveness in mitigation of negative impacts of agricultural production on biodiversity and agricultural sustainability.

並列關鍵字

Eco-friendly index ； biodiversity ； biocontrol ； allelopathy ； organic soil amendment ； soilborne pathogens ； risk assessment ； sustainable agriculture