臺灣傳統建築結構隱含的中國南北建築文化

本文討論臺灣傳統建築結構裡的「內木構外土墻結構」所表露的古代南北中國建築文化交融之意義。所謂的「內木構外土墻結構」是指砌土墻於建築外部，將木構架包被在內的結構型態。中國建築史裡稱此種墻為「惟幕墻」。然而有趣的是，北方中國的土墻砌於檐柱之間，檐柱立於厚土墻中，墻高度卻僅及於闌額下。南方則將墻體砌於木結構之外側，形成土墻與木架棟並立的作法。從考古挖掘得知上古時代的黃河流域一帶存在所謂的「木骨泥墻」仰韶文化建築遺址，後來發展出木柱立於厚墻中的盤龍城建築遺址，及河北城藁臺西的商代純土墻住宅遺址。可推想北方屬於土建築結構的建築文化，而「木骨泥墻」就是將檐柱立於土墻中的先例。相對的，南方普遍存在干闌式的純木造建築。從秦漢以後隨著政治政權與移民南遷，夯土版築／土坯砌築技術與作法被帶到南方。根據南北各地建築的型態及上古時代的建築遺址，可以推想包括臺灣傳統建築在內的南方建築，其結構型態是由原本的穿斗式木結構建築，受北方傳來的土坯／夯土墻漢文化與抬梁式木結構的衝擊，因而發展出各種木結構與土墻結合的方式，南方木結構因而發展出「穿斗與抬梁混合的構架」，並在木造建築外圍砌以土坯／夯土墻，成為本文所謂的「內木構外土墻」的結構型態。而這種「內木構外土墻結構」就是古代中國南北建築文化交互影響之下的產物。

關鍵字

墻倒屋不倒；內木構外土墻結構；帷幕墻；夯土技術；古代中國建築；臺灣建築

並列摘要

The subject is the wall, which is composed of wooden frame interiorly and load bearing mud wall stand side by side exteriorly. The load-bearing mud wall is thought originated from the northern China on the one hand and the wooden frame is from the southern China on the other hand.The wall was piled with mud and wooden rib in the northern ancient China. Afterwards, the walls were piled with the compacted layer clay mud or laid with sundried brick for a period of time. Then, just as the masterpieces or the main hall of residences, religious buildings, palaces etc. show that the wooden columns are erected at the center of the wall is a relic of the ancient structure, mud wall with wooden rib, in the North.On the other hand, although the most of the Chinese traditional buildings in existence of the southern China have the wall composed of wooden frame and load-bearing mud wall nowadays. Actually, almost all the buildings were built with pure wooden structure, which even were belonged to the pile-dwelling building type in the southern ancient China.Through the Chinese history, the Hans escaped the invader from the north of China during the history and immigrated to the south of the Chang-Jiang River. Therefore, the northern culture or the mud architectural culture of Hans was prevailed among the southern China. That is to say the southern architecture included Taiwanese traditional buildings with the wall composed of wooden frame and load-bearing mud wall are resulted from the transformation of the original pure wooden structure under the northern culture of Hans.